Purity Steel Corporation

Harvard Business School 9-197-082 rP os t Rev. February 15, 2000 Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 op yo â€Å"I’m no expert in high finance,† said Larry Hoffman, manager of the Denver branch for the Warehouse Sales Division of Purity Steel Corporation, to Harold Higgins, general manager of the division, â€Å"so it didn't occur to me that I might be better off by leasing my new warehouse instead of owning it. But I was talking to Jack Dorenbush over in Omaha the other day and he said that he's getting a lot better return on the investment in his district because he's in a leased building.I'm sure that the incentive compensation plan you put in last year is fair, but I didn't know whether it adjusted automatically for the difference between owning and leasing and I just thought I'd raise the question. There's still time to try to find someone to take over my construction contract and then lease the building to me when it's finished, if you think that's what I ought to do. † Purity Steel Corporation was an integrated steel producer with annual sales of about $4. 5 billion in 1995. The Warehouse Sales Division was an autonomous unit that operated 21 field warehouses throughout the United States.Total sales of the division were approximately $225 million in 1995, of which roughly half represented steel products (rod, bar, wire, tube, sheet, and plate) purchased from Purity's Mill Products Division. The balance of the Warehouse Sales Division volume was copper, brass, and aluminum products purchased from large producers of those metals. The Warehouse Sales Division competed with other producer-affiliated and independent steel warehousing companies and purchased its steel requirements from the Mill Products Division at the same prices paid by outside purchasers.No tC Harold Higgins was appointed general manager of the Warehouse Sales Division in mid1994, after spending 12 years in the sales function with the Mill Products Division. Subject only to the approval of his annual profit plan and proposed capital expenditures by corporate headquarters, Higgins was given full authority for his division's operations, and was charged with the responsibility to â€Å"make the division grow, both in sales volume and in the rate of return on its investment. † Prior to his arrival at division headquarters in St.Louis, the Warehouse Sales Division had been operated in a centralized manner; all purchase orders had been issued by division headquarters, and most other operating decisions at any particular warehouse had required prior divisional approval. Higgins decided to decentralize the management of his division by making each branch (warehouse) manager responsible for the division's activities in his or her geographic area. In Higgins's opinion, one of the key features of his decentralization policy was an incentive compensation plan announced in late 1994 to become effective January 1, 1995.The description of the plan, as presente d to the branch managers, is reproduced in Exhibits 1, 2, and 3. Monthly operating statements had been prepared for each warehouse for many years; implementing the new plan Do Doctoral Candidate Antonio Davila and Professor Robert Simons prepared this updated case based on an earlier version. Case material of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration is prepared as a basis for class discussion and not to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of administrative problems.Copyright  © 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 This docume nt is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013.Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 197-082 Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 rP os t required only the preparation of balance sheets for each warehouse. Two major asset categories, inventories and fixed assets (buildings and equipment), were easy to attribute to specific locations. Accounts receivable were collected directly at Purity's central accounting department, but an investment in receivables equal to 35 days' sales (the average for the Warehouse Sales Division) was charged to each warehouse.Finally, a small cash fund deposited in a local bank was recorded as an asset of each branch. No current or long-term liabilities were recognized in the balance sheets at the division or branch level. At the meeting in December 1994, when the new incentive compensation plan was presented to the branch managers, Higgins had said: tC op yo Howard Percy [division sales manager] and I have spent a lot of time during the last few months working out the details of this plan. Our objective was to devise a fair way to compensate those branch managers who do a superior job of improving the performance in their areas.First, we reviewed our salary structure and made a few adjustments so that branch managers do not have to apologize to their families for the regular pay check they bring home. Next, we worked out a simple growth incentive to recognize that one part of our job is simply to sell steel, although we didn't restrict it to steel alone. But more importantly, we've got to improve the profit performance of this division. We established 5% as the return-on-investment floor representing minimum performance eligible for a bonus.As you know, we don't even do that well for 1994, but our budget for next year anticipates 5% before taxes. Thus, in 1995 we expect about a third of the branches to be below 5%? and e arn no ROI bonus? while the other two-thirds will be the ones who really carry the weight. This plan will pay a bonus to all managers who help the division increase its average rate of return. We also decided on a sliding scale arrangement for those above 5%, trying to recognize that the manager who makes a 5% return on a $10 million investment is doing as good a job as one who makes a 10% return on only a half million dollars.Finally, we put a $50,000 limit on the ROI bonus because we felt that the bonus shouldn't exceed 50% of salary, but we can always make salary adjustments in those cases where the bonus plan doesn't seem to adequately compensate a branch manager for his or her performance. No After the telephone call from Larry Hoffman in May 1996, quoted in the opening paragraph, Harold Higgins called Howard Percy into his office and told him the question that Hoffman had raised. â€Å"We knew that we probably had some bugs to iron out of this system,† Percy responded. Let me review the Denver situation and we'll discuss it this afternoon. † At a meeting later that day, Percy summarized the problem for Higgins: Do As you know, Larry Hoffman is planning a big expansion at Denver. He's been limping along in an old multistory building with an inadequate variety of inventory, and his sales actually declined last year. About a year ago he worked up an RFE [request for expenditure] for a new warehouse which we approved here and sent forward. It was approved at corporate headquarters last fall, the contract was let, and it's to be completed by the end of this year.I pulled out one page of the RFE which summarizes the financial story [Exhibit 4]. Larry forecasts nearly a triple in his sales volume over the next eight years, and the project will pay out in about seven and a half years. Here [Exhibit 5] is a summary of the incentive compensation calculations for Denver that I worked up after I talked to you this morning. Larry had a very high ROI last year, and received one of the biggest bonuses we paid. Against that background, I next worked up a projection of what his bonus will be in 1997 assuming that he moves into his new facility at the end of the year.As you can see, 2 This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 197-082 rP os t his ROI will drop from 17. 3% to only 7. 2%, and even on the bigger investment his bonus in 1997 will go down substantially. Finally, I dug out the file on New Orleans where we're leasing the new warehouse that was completed a few months ago.Our lease there is a so-called operating lease, which means that we pay the insurance, taxes, and maintenance just as if we owned it. The lease runs for 20 years with renewal options at reduced rates for two additional 10-year periods. Assuming that we could get a similar deal for Denver, and adjusting for the difference in the cost of the land and building at the two locations, our lease payments at Denver during the first 20 years would be just under $250,000 per year. Pushing that through the bonus formula for Denver's projected 1997 operations shows an ROI of 7. %, but Larry's bonus would be about 15% less than if he was in an owned building. op yo â€Å"On balance, therefore,† Percy concluded, â€Å"there's not a very big difference in the bonus payment as between owning and leasing, but in either event Larry will be taking a substantial cut in his incentive compensation. † As the discussion continued, Larry Hoffman and Howard Percy revisited the formula for ROI: Net Income Return-on-investment = Investment in Operating Assets Net Income Sales x Sales Investment in Operating Assets = ( Return on Sales) x (Asset Turnover) No tC = DoBoth wondered whether the proposed bonus plan needed further revision or clarification. 3 This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 197-082 Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 I. Branch Managers’ Compensation Plan, Warehouse Sales Division Objectives rP os t Exhibit 1 The Warehouse Sales Division has three major objectives: A. To operate the Division and its branches at a profit. B. To utilize efficiently the assets of the Division. C. To grow.This compensation plan is a combination of base salary and incentive earnings. Incentive earnings will be paid to those managers who contribute to the achievement of these objectives and in proportion to their individual performance. op yo II. Compensation Plan Components There are three components to this plan: A. Base Salary Base salary ranges are determined for the most part on dollar sales volume of the district(s) in the prior year. The higher the sales volume, the higher range to which the manager becomes eligible. The profitability of dollar sales or increases in dollar sales is an important consideration.Actual salaries will be established by the General Manager, Warehouse Sales Division, and the salary ranges will be reviewed periodically in order to keep this Division competitive with companies similar to ours. tC B. Growth Incentive If the district earns a net profit before federal income tax for the calendar year, the manager will earn $1,750 for every $500,000 of increased sales over the prior year. Proportionate amounts will be paid for greater or lesser growth. C. Return-on-Investment Incentive No In this feature of the plan, incentive will be paid in relation to the size of investment and the return-on-investment.The manager will be paid in direct proportion to his effective use of assets placed at his disposal. The main emphasis of this portion of the plan is on increasing the return at any level of investment, hi gh or low. Do III. Limitations on Return-on-Investment Incentive A. No incentive will be paid to a manager whose branch earns less than 5% return-oninvestment before federal taxes. B. No increase in incentive payment will be made for performance in excess of 20% return-on-investment before federal taxes. C. No payment will be made in excess of $50,000 regardless of performance. 4This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 197-082 Exhibit 1 (continued) IV. Calculations on Return-on-Investment Incentive rP os t Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 Exhibit 2 is a graphic presentation of this portion of the incentive. Since all possible levels of investment and return-on-investment cannot be detailed on the chart, exact incentive figures cannot be determined. However, a rough estimate can be made by: A.Finding the approx imate level of investment on the horizontal scale. B. Drawing a line vertically from that point to the approximate return-on-investment percent. op yo C. Drawing a line horizontally from that point to the vertical scale which indicates the approximate incentive payment. The exact amount of incentive can be determined from Exhibit 3 by the following procedure and example. Example: Investment: ROI: Step 1. $8,263,750 7. 3% Subtract 500,000 from the last six digits of investment figures if they are above 500,000. tC EXAMPLE: 263,750 is below 500,000; nothing is subtracted.Step 2. Divide the number from step 1 by 500,000. The result is a percentage. EXAMPLE: 263,750/ 500,000 = . 5275 No Step 3. Do Step 4. In the 1% Column in Exhibit 3, take the difference between the next highest investment and next lowest investment. EXAMPLE: Investment 1% $8,000,000 $2,100 Difference $50 $8,500,000 $2,150 Multiply the result of Step 3 by the result of Step 2 and add to the 1% Column figure for the nex t lowest investment. EXAMPLE: $50 x . 5275 = $26. 37 + $2,100 = $2,126. 37 Step 5. Multiply the result of Step 4 by the actual ROI%. EXAMPLE: $2,126. 37 x 7. = $15,522. 54 Incentive Payment 5 This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 Exhibit 2 Incentive Payments at Various ROI Percentages 50 20% 45 40 15% 35 30 Series1 25 10% 20 15 10 5 0 0. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3. 5 op yo Incentive Payment ($ thousands) rP os t 197-082 4. 5 5. 5 6. 5 7. 5 8. 5 Series2 Series3 Series4 5% 9. 5 10. 5 11. 5 12. 5 13. 5 14. 5 Do No tC Investment ($ millions) This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 Ince ntive Payments at Various Investments and ROI Percentages Investment 5% 10%No incentive will be paid for less than 5% ROI. 7 This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. No (24) Payback period 300,000 2,612,500 1,059,650 100,000 153 Add back depreciation and relocationAnnual return of funds $ 7. 3 years 4,072,150 5,534,549 96 (177) Less 35% tax Net income $ (220) (53) (273) Less depreciation Total return over 8 years (in dollars) Capital expenditures required (in dollars): Land Building Equipment Relocation expenseForecast Additional Sales, Expenses, and After-Tax Profits Due to New Facility (doll ars in thousands) Gross profit dollars Service income Total income Less expenses excluding depreciation Sales dollars Exhibit 4 Do Purity Steel Corporation, 1995 Return-on-investment and Incentive Compensation (in dollars) rP os t Exhibit 5 197-082 Denver Branch 1997 Projected Total Warehouse Sales Division 1995 Investment at Year-end Land $ Buildings (net of depreciation) 5,144,500 $ 13,950,500 Equipment (net of depreciation) 124,500 $ 300,000 $ – 1,010,425 1,010,425 481,000 3,879,385 1,010,425 50,000 1,382,500 ,568,960 32,000 21,817,000 Accounts receivable Building 50,000 50,000 op yo Subtotal Leased Building 324,500 2,722,000 Cash fund Owned Actual 1995 Actual – Total year-end investment Investment at start of year 22,517,500 Less: depreciation Less: lease payments Net pre-tax profit 3,466,250 4,904,500 8,782,135 5,913,175 5,263,500 8,395,650 5,483,150 100,404,000 5,084,000 8,588,895 5,698,150 4,147,310 917,870 710,000 710,000 (40,000) (92,765) (49,225) (648,705) (4 20,565) $ tC Return on investment 1,386,500 3,466,250 99,795,500 Profit before depreciation & taxes 1,386,500 3,132,000 101,012,500Average investment during year 1,241,500 55,295,500 Inventories 3,078,040 – $ 3. 07% 877,870 $ 17. 27% (243,200) 617,235 $ 417,575 7. 19% 7. 33% Incentive Compensation Sales volume increase (decrease) $ Bonus @ $1,750 per $500,000 ROI bonus: $ – 1,565,000 $ 1,565,000 8,500,000 5,500,000 2,150 1,810 60 Difference to next base 5,478 1,750 Value for 1% column, Exhibit 3 5,478 5,000,000 Base investment No (870,000) 50 65 25. 76 Interpolated portion 10. 08 8. 89 Total value per percentage point 1,760 2,159 1,836 30,392 15,515 13,453 ROI bonus Total incentive compensation $ 30,392 $ 20,993 $ 18,931Assumptions used for 1997 projections at Denver: Old facility and equipment sold at the end of 1996, proceeds remitted to corporate headquarters. Depreciation on new facilities in 1997 is $43,540 (60 years, straight line) and $49,225 on equipment (vario us lives, straight line). Year-end investment in receivables and inventory will approximate 1995 relationship: receivables at 10% of annual sales, inventories at 25% of annual sales. Average total investment assumes that new fixed assets are acquired on December 31, 1996, and that other assets at that date are the same as at the end of 1995.Profit taken from RFE (Exhibit 4) as $995,000 less $185,000 first-year decline, less $100,000 relocation expense. Additional mill profit of $65,000 does not reflect on divisional books and was used only at corporate headquarters for capital expenditures evaluation purposes. Do 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 9 This document is authorized for use only by Corrado Cuccurullo at Second University of Naples until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860.

Professional Values and Ethics

Professional Values and Ethics Professional ethics and values are important in the business environment to promote satisfaction to employees and clients, effectiveness with business strategies, and good for professional moral. Since business began, there have been unfair business practices promoted by â€Å"successful† professional business people. This conundrum brings into question what professional business values and ethics are, how one attains and maintain these practices or qualities, and what the impact of these factors on career success may be. Ethics are considered the moral standards by which people judge behavior; the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, or profession (Yourdictionary, 2009). Values are beliefs of a person or social group in which that person or people have an emotional investment either for or against something (Wordnetweb, 2009). Both ethics and values could be combined to form a mission statement or core guidelines for an entity to promote in a professional manner among clients, employees, and customer satisfaction. Core guidelines also can be called â€Å"core values†. These values can strengthen and enhance any professional setting based on general principles such as integrity and honesty. Professional ethics and values can be developed by any single person or group of individuals that have goals and potentials to gain success. Companies and individuals should have a strong understanding of the definition of what consists of a good moral character, re-review the definition regularly and make a gut check before making decisions that affect others. Companies need to set a good ethical tone to their employees, stockholders and the public by executing a strong mission statement with a commitment to ethical practices and cascade the message throughout their companies by setting up and thoroughly communicating ethical best practices. Professional values and ethics are formed many ways. According to Moosmayer (2009), personal beliefs and values of a person influence the professional values and ethics a person follows, which in turn, influences the person’s place of work. It is important that people aim for positive outcomes, trust their instincts, and prepare for future crisis. According to Jacobson (2009), a company’s ethics should be based upon the values of the stockholders in to ensure they are satisfied with the ethics and values of the company. Another important key to professional ethics and values is to be prepared with proper knowledge of laws and regulations, which should also influence professional values and ethics (Jacobson, 2009). Knowing the laws and regulations pertaining to a business is important, to ensure the business is run accordingly, and legally. According to Lesher and Murray (2009), it is important for professionals to honor commitments and do what he or she has agreed to do to uphold the professional values and ethics. It is also important to remember that time is precious and should be this way in order to maintain and improve efficiency (Lesher, Murray, 2009). Lesher and Murray (2009), also mention that it is important to pay attention to values in general and how they are created. A clearly defined set of value-based criteria is important to make tactical and strategic decisions in a way that is consistent with ethical, moral, and legal principles (Lesher, Murray, 2009). Knowing how and why values and ethics originate is important in the professional world, as they are key to any business running properly and in order, to avoid preventable conflicts for the business. Values and ethics are the fabric of society. People live in a push-pull continuum where ethical ideologies differ. Some professionals diligently follow a strict code of ethics, others acknowledge the code but slightly skirt the ethical barrier, with the remainder of society staying somewhat oblivious to their unethical wrong-doings. This is apparent by the myriad of businesses that appear in the media with ethical issues. The concept of personal conduct inside of the business world has been brought to the attention of the public recently by the media, via numerous scandals. Several heinous examples perpetuate media propaganda. For example, KB Home chief executive Bruce Karatz was indicted for the backdating of stock options, UnitedHealth chief executive William McGuire settled an SEC lawsuit for 468 million dollars and Communications Systems chief Gregory L. Reyes was convicted for fraud charges and sentence to two years in jail (Kravitz, 2009). One cannot help but to question the values and ethics of the offenders! Professional success can be measured in many ways. Success can be rated by the amount of money earned and the material belongings in life. Another sense of professional accomplishment may be as simple as working overtime on a business project, doing the best work possible or receiving praise. Many people often wonder what professional values and ethics does one need to become successful. Bill Gates is said to be one of the most successful businessmen of modern times (Time, 2005). Gates became known when he developed a soft-ware company, Microsoft (Time, 2005). He attended Harvard University, but had dropped out to pursue his dreams of creating Microsoft. Gates' professional success comes from remaining determined and eager to be the best in the soft-ware and future technology market, while maintaining ethical practices. His success, smart business decisions, intellect, and ethics have enabled to achieve the level of experience and success he now enjoys. Bill Gates strategies for success and wise career decisions have formed him into the businessman he is today. His success does not come from something that was taught to him; his success comes from his personality, values, and the eagerness to succeed. Another incredibly successful businessman is Donald Trump. Trump has his hand in the business industry like no other real estate mogul; from owning Trump Towers, to Trump University, and of course, his show, The Apprentice. Trump continues to experience success. The following are several personal success strategies that reflect virtues of Trumps values and ethical business practices: be focused, put everything one has into what one does every day, believe in oneself, be tenacious, trust in one's instincts, maintain momentum and keep everyone moving forward, see oneselfas victorious and leading a winning team, be passionate about what one does, live on the edge and do not become complacent, leadership is not a group effort and if one is in charge; be in charge, and never give up (Trump University, 2009). No one claims argument with Trumps success professionally, it should hold true for anyone else to believe in oneself and continue working hard toward their dreams and goals, relying on ethical practices and values to act as a guide to success. In the remains of the day, the achievement of ethical and value oriented goals is a litmus indicator of professional success. It takes hard work, dedication, and critical thinking to make the most out of any career. Nothing happens over night, and true success does not come from unethical business practices. Having strong professional values and ethics are the beginning steps to becoming successful in any arena in life, especially business. References Carter, C. , Bishop, J. , Kravits, S. (2007). Keys to college studying: Becoming an active thinker (2nd ed. ). [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from Gen200- Foundations for General Education and Professional Success. Jacobson, L. (2009) Understanding Organizational Ethics_: How PR professionals can steer a safe course. _ Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Business Source Complete Database. Kravitz. D. (March, 2009). The Washington Post: The Business Scandal Before the Bust. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http://voices. washingtonpost. com/washingtonpostinvestigations/2009/03/stock_backdati_ scandal_nabs. html Lesher, J. , Murray, A. (2009) Core Values Steady the course in a volatile world. Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Business Source Complete Database. Moosmayer, D. (2009) Beyond The Ethics Course—A Communicative Framework of Value-oriented Academic Business Teaching. Retrieved November 24, 2009 from Business Source Complete Database. Princeton University. (2009). Values. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from website http://wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=values Time Magazine. (October, 2005). In Search Of The Real Bill Gates. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article. htm Top Ten Tips For Success. (2009). Donald Trump. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www. trumpuniversity. com/blog/post/2009/09 Your Dictionary. (2009). Ethics. Retrieved December 2, 2009, from website http://www. yourdictionary. com/dictionary-articles/Define-Ethics. html

What is the role of a nurse in the prevention and management of Literature review

What is the role of a nurse in the prevention and management of antibiotic associated diarrhoea and clostridium difficle infection in elderly patients - Literature review Example These are diseases that are very threatening in someone’s life and so they need prevention and control especially in elderly patients (Poutanen. and Simor, 2008). According to researchers, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is a nosocomial infection that occurs after antimicrobial treatment (Jennie et al, 2001). Affected patients excrete large numbers of clostridium difficile spores. These spores survive for many months in the environment. They cannot be destroyed by hand disinfection and thus persist despite usual environmental cleaning agents. These factors increase the risk of transmission of C. difficile. The researchers (Jennie et al, 2001) did a quantitative study and came up with the results and conclusion to show the part of environmental measures to prevention of AAD and D. Difficile disease. Researchers found out that infection control measures as well as Restrictive antibiotic policies have indicated to reduce Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) incidence among the patients that are hospitalized. It well known that since time memorial, the environmental disinfectants role in reducing nosocomial CDAD rates has no t been studied well. Jennie et al, (2001) conducted a study (before and after intervention) whereby patients in 3 units had to be evaluated in order to ascertain if the solution of unbuffered 1:10 hypochlorite was effective in terms of environmental disinfectant in reducing the CDAD incidence. Basing on the results, it was observed that amongst 4252 patients with bone marrow transplant, the CDAD incidence rate decreased substantially from 8.6 to 3.3 cases per 1000 patients-days (in this case, the hazard ratio was 0.37; at 95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.74) after switching of the disinfectants from quaternary ammonium to 1:10 hypochlorite solution in the patients’ room that had CDAD. When it was reverted later to

The Rocks of the Andes Mountains Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Legislative Polices for Healthcare - Essay Example Leiyu Shi and Douglas A. Singh states that healthcare policies in America is shaped by accepting ideas from a number of agencies, campaigns, cabinet members and advisers in healthcare scenario (Leiyu and Douglas 544). The ‘Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act’ (2010), aims to adopt reformatory measures in healthcare sector. This Act is divided into two, the first part deals with healthcare and the second part deals with the student loan system. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or PPACA, (2010), is similar to the first Act/ Law and aims to reform the healthcare sector. These Acts/Laws helps one to realize the importance of reformatory measures adopted by current legislative polices for healthcare in USA. At the same time, the current legislative polices for healthcare provides immense importance to insurance coverage to the needy, especially young adults and uninsured individuals. For instance, the current legislative policies aim to reform the health insurance scenario by reforming insurance practices and available insurance coverage. Besides, the current legislative polices aim to reform the current health plan administration by improving appeals process and non-discriminatory measures or rules for insurance plans. The current health plans impose additional costs on healthcare sector. At the same time, there exists provision in the form of subsidies and tax credits to lessen the burden of taxation. Summing, the current legislative polices for healthcare in USA aims to reform the healthcare sector. Besides, the current legislative sector is ever ready to inculcate innovation to the healthcare sector through effective and timely

Consider the cross cultural management implications for a UK manager Essay

Consider the cross cultural management implications for a UK manager undertaking an international business assignment to another country (of your choice) - Essay Example As a result, the concept of cross-cultural management is gaining popularity in the modern world. Managing across cultures is a product of globalisation (Dierks, 2001) such that, an expatriate from a foreign culture moves to a totally new culture and is required to manage people from diverse cultural backgrounds. Many people who have moved to new cultures or societies have experienced challenges. Although majority has succeeded, some have found it difficult and failed in their international duties. Managing across cultures requires those involved to adjust to numerous conflicting or competing cultural needs, while at the same time maintaining their culture. In this regard, one has to increase efforts of understanding other people’s cultures, their way of doing things, their way of management, and also how such people do things in general (Magala, 2005). Understanding culture has become important to international companies and managers operating in different countries. This report looks at the management journey of an international manager from United Kingdom, who is sent on an international mission in USA and has to carry out international duties in one of the multinational companies in the country. The report will explore and discuss management problems and challenges likely to be experienced by the manager as reflected in the cultures of the two countries. Furthermore, there would be discussion on the best ways through which the manager can ensure he or she fits well in the new environment and culture. Different nations around the world have different cultures. The differences in cultures have influenced different nations to manifest little similarities and huge dissimilarities. Cultures of different societies have played important roles, which may include cultures acting as mechanisms in societies that allow maintenance of stability across many generations (Hofstede, 2001). Culture is seen as the value system of a given society where majority of

Teacher Competency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teacher Competency - Essay Example Students, meanwhile, also expect to be able to learn from the teacher. Some even think that teachers can make them smart, an expectation which can not be discounted. Although intelligence is primarily a result of a student’s diligence and genes perhaps, a teacher’s input is a major contributing factor. This is where teacher competency comes into the picture. For a teacher to be able to facilitate learning, he must be competent. Now what is competency? Competency is â€Å"the ability to perform a particular skill or to demonstrate a specified level of knowledge† (D. Sadker & M. Sadker, 2005, p. G-2). A competent teacher therefore is one who not only facilitates learning but does so in a specified, and shall we say exemplary, level. There are a lot of characteristics or qualities that make a competent teacher, all of which are related to the dimensions of one’s personality – intellectual, physical, social, ethical, and emotional (Zulueta, 2006). However, there is no standard which can be considered as the universal set of characteristics a teacher must have in order to be called competent; these qualities are dynamic in that what works for one teacher may not work for another, or what is effective for a student may not be as effective for another, or what applies now may not be applicable years from now. Lack of knowledge on a subject and inability to answer a question is such a horror to think of. Teachers fear it too. It must be understood that learning is a continuous process and no one, not even a teacher knows the answer to everything. Some students are ruthless; they like to test the extent of a teacher’s knowledge. Teachers must be prepared for such events. Although there may be times that he will not be able to answer a question without further research, these instances must be kept to a minimum. Looked up to as a fountain of knowledge, a teacher must therefore be a master at the subject

Syrian Unrest Essay Example for Free

Syrian Unrest Essay The Syria unrest, which has been going on since March of 2011 is an uprising by a rebel group against a governing party in Syria. The main objectives of the rebels are to overthrow current president, Bashar-al-asshad. In April of 2011, the president deployed the army, still loyal to president asshad whose family lineage has been ruling Syria for decades, to open fire on any protesters. The rebels, in retaliation, formed their own group of armed troops mainly consisting of ex-soldiers and weapon users. The clashes now happen in no particular area but in several parts of the country. The president terms the rebellion group â€Å"as armed terrorist groups and foreign mercenaries. The protesters have received aid and support from many foreign nations including the United States of America and many Arab nations. The Arab league suspended Syria’s membership in their constituency because of the government’s response to the matters at hand. It was recently brought to light by the United nations in the start of 2013 that the total number of casualties involving this situation exceeded 60,000. Half of these are assumed to be civilians. In a chance to get away from the war and destruction, To seek refuge several local Syrians have fled to neighbouring Arab nations and are warmly welcomed by these nations. However, it is said that the captured rebels have been subjected to high levels of mental and physical torture. Tens of thousands simple civilians as well have been imprisoned as security measures by the government forces. The Syrian unrest has gotten from bad to worse with unrest that, at the moment, seems to not be going anywhere. The only hope of the Syrians to get back their country and their nation is to have an external source taking drastic measures to repair the irreparable damage.

GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Professional Networks

GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Professional Networks GPU-Accelerated Impact Maximization in Large-Scale Professional Networks Dr. M. Rajasekhara, Babu B. V. Arunragavan Abstract Impact Maximization means to discover the top-K fascinating people to expand the impact spread inside a professional networks, which remains important yet difficult issue. Turned out to be NP-hard, the impact expansion issue pulls in gigantic studies. In spite of the fact that there exist fundamental eager calculations which may give great close estimation to ideal result, the ill effects of low computational proficiency and unnecessarily long execution time, restricting the application to substantial scale informal communities. In this paper, to quicken the impact boost by leveraging the parallel transforming ability of design handling unit (GPU). The enhancement of the current greedy calculations and outline a base up traversal calculation with GPU usage, which contains inbuilt parallelism. To best fit the proposed impact expansion calculation with the GPU construction modeling, we further create a versatile K-level mix technique to amplify the parallelism and redesign the impact c hart to minimize the potential disparity. We do far reaching explores different avenues regarding both certifiable and professional network follows and show that with IMGPU model. KEY WORDS: Index Terms—Impact maximization, GPU, large-scale professional networks, IMGPU, bottom-up traversal algorithm. INTRODUCTION: The organizations, for example, linkedIN, visualCV and meetup play a critical part as productive media for quick spreading data, thoughts, and impact among gigantic population, and such impact has been significantly amplified with the quick increment of online clients. The organizations present extraordinary open doors for expansive scale viral advertising, a showcasing methodology that advances items through verbal impacts. While the force of professional systems has been investigated more to amplify the profit of viral showcasing, it gets to be crucial to understand how we can amplify the impact over the interpersonal organization. This issue, alluded to as impact amplification, is to choose inside a given interpersonal organization a little set of compelling people as beginning clients such that the normal number of affected clients, called impact spread, is expanded. The impact amplification issue is intriguing yet testing. Tis is turned out to be NP-hard and proposed a fundamental eager calculation that gives great rough guess to the ideal result. On the other hand, their methodology is genuinely restricted in productivity since it needs to run Monte-Carlo reproduction for extensively long time period to ensure a precise gauge. Despite the fact that various progressive deliberations have been made to enhance the proficiency, condition of-the-craftsmanship methodologies still experience the ill effects of unreasonably long execution time because of the high-computational intricacy for large scale informal communities. Then again, representation preparing unit (GPU) has as of late been generally utilized as an issue broadly useful figuring gadget and indicated guaranteeing potential in quickening reckoning of chart issues. In this manner, The utilization of GPU to quicken the processing of the impact boost issue. Then again, the parallel handling ability of GPU can be completely misused in taking care of assignments with normal information access design. Sadly, the chart structures of generally real world organizations are very discontinuous, making GPU increasing speed a nontrivial assignment extreme execution debasement. The primary difficulties of full GPU quickening lie in the accompanying viewpoints. In the first place, the parallelism of impact spread calculation for every conceivable seed set is restricted by the quantity of hubs at each one level. Consequently, the computational force of GPU cant be completely misused on the off chance that we specifically outline issue to GPU for quickening. Second, as the level of hubs in generally social organizes essentially take after a force law dispersion, serious disparity between GPU strings will happen amid impact spread processing, genuinely corrupting the generally execution. Third, because of the unpredictable nature of true professional network, the memory gets to show poor spatial area, making it hard to fit the GPU computational model. To address the above difficulties, we propose a Gpu accelerated impact expansion skeleton, IMGPU, which goes for completely leveraging the parallel preparing ability of GPU. We first change over the social chart into a regulated non-cyclic chart (DAG) to evade excess count. At that point a Bottom-up traversal calculation (BUTA) is outlined and mapped to GPU with CUDA programming model. Our methodology gives generous change to the current successive methodologies by exploiting the inalienable parallelism in handling hubs inside a informal community. In light of the gimmick of the impact augmentation issue, we propose a set of versatile systems to investigate the most extreme limit of GPU and upgrade the execution of IMGPU. Specifically, we create a versatile K-level blend strategy to augment the parallelism among GPU strings. In the interim, we redesign the chart by level and degree conveyance to minimize the potential uniqueness and blend the memory access to the most extreme degree. We direct broad explores different avenues regarding both true and manufactured social system follows. Contrasted and the condition of-the-workmanship calculation Mixgreedy, IMGPU attains up to 60 speedup in the execution time and has the capacity scale up to remarkably huge scale systems which were never expected with the current consecutive methodologies. As an issue, the commitments of this paper are predominantly twofold. First and foremost, we show BUTA, a proficient base up traversal calculation which contains inborn parallelism for the impact boost issue. The BUTA to GPU building design to adventure the parallel transforming ability of GPU. Second, to best fit the GPU computational model, we propose a few viable streamlining systems to expand the parallelism, evade potential uniqueness, and blend memory access. The rest of this paper is composed as takes after: Area 2 gives preliminaries on impact expansion furthermore surveys related work. The IMGPU structure and relating GPU improvements are introduced in Section 3 furthermore Section 4, individually. We assess the IMGPU plan by far reaching tests and report the exploratory brings about Section 5. 2. PRELIMINARIES AND RELATED WORK In this segment, we introduce preparatory prologue to influence maximization, and survey related work. In influence maximization, an on-line informal organization is demonstrated as an issue graph G =(V,E,W), where V= {v1,v2,v3 ) speaks to the set of nodes in the graph, each of which relates to an individual client. Every node can be either dynamic or idle, and will change from being idle to being dynamic on the off chance that it is influenced by others nodes. E V  V is a situated of directed edges speaking to the relationship between diverse clients. Take Linked-In as an illustration. A directed edge will be secured from node vi to vj , if vi is trailed by vj , shows that v j is open to get tweets from vi , and therefore may be influenced by vi . G =(V,E,W), where V= {v1,v2,v3 ) is the weight of every node which shows its commitment to the influence spread. The weight 137 is instated as 1 for every node, implying that if this node is influenced by different nodes, its commitm ent to the influence spread is 1. The span of node set is n, and the quantity of edges is m. Node vi is known as a sink on the off chance that its out-degree is 0, and called a source on the off chance that its in-degree is 0. The independent cascade (IC) model is one of the most decently mulled over dispersion models. Given a beginning set S, the dissemination procedure of IC model unfolds as takes after: At step 0, just nodes in S are dynamic, while different nodes stay in the inert state. At step t, for every node vi which has recently changed from being inert to being dynamic, it has a solitary opportunity to enact every at present dormant neighbor v w , and succeeds with a likelihood . In the event that vi succeeds, v and w will get to be dynamic at step . In the event that v w has numerous recently initiated neighbours, their endeavours in actuating v w are sequenced in a subjective request. Such a procedure runs until no more actuations are conceivable We utilize to mean the influence spread of the introductor y set S, which is characterized as the normal number of dynamic nodes toward the end of influence proliferation. Given a graph G =(V,E,W) and a parameter K, the influence maximization issue in the IC model is to choose a subset of persuasive nodes S V of size K such that the influence spread is augmented toward the end of influence dissemination process. We proposed Mixgreedy that diminishes the computational many-sided quality by registering the minor influence spread for every node G =(V,E,W) in one single reenactment. Mixgreedy first figures out if an edge would be chosen for engendering or not with a given likelihood. At that point all the edges not chose are evacuated to structure another graph G =(V,E,W) . With this treatment, the negligible addition from adding node vi to S is the quantity of nodes that are reachable from vi , however inaccessible from all the nodes in S. To process the influence spread for every node, a fundamental execution is doing BFS for all verticess which takes O(m,n) MixGreedy incorporates Cohen’s randomized algorithm for estimating the marginal influence spread for each node, and afterward selects the node that offers the maximal influence spread. Embracing the above streamlining methods, MixGreedy can run much faster. In any case, the change is not sufficiently viable to lessen execution time to an adequate range especially for huge scale professional networks. In addition, Cohens algorithm provides no precision ensure. 3 IMGPU FRAMEWORK Here, we depict the IMGPU framework that empowers GPU-accelerated processing of influence maximization. Initially, we create BUTA that can exploit intrinsic parallelism and adequately lessen the complexity with guaranteed accuracy. 3.1BOTTOM-UP TRAVERSAL ALGORITHM We can get another graph from the original graph after haphazardly selecting edges from G. As opposed to doing BFS for every node which is noticeably wasteful, we can find that the negligible impact calculation of every node just depends on its child node; subsequently, we could get the impact spreads for all the node by crossing the diagram just once in a bottom-up way. The level of a node vi, is: We initially change over the graph to a DAG to keep away from repetitive computation and potential deadlock. Fig. 1.Bottom-up traversal. Fig. 2.Relation of nodes. Algorithm 2 displays the points of interest of BUTA, where R signifies the quantity of Monte-Carlo simulations. In each round of recreation, the graph is initially reproduced by selecting edges at a given likelihood and changing over into a DAG Then we begin the bottom up traversal level by level We utilize the in parallel build to demonstrate the codes that can be executed in parallel by GPU. Impact spreads of all hubs at the same level can be ascertained in parallel and the mark of every hub is then decided for future cover reckoning. After R rounds of reenactment, the hub giving the maximal negligible increase will be chosen and added to the set S. Fig. 3. Graph data representation. The advantages of BUTA is that we can enormously decrease the time and BUTA can promise preferred accuracy over Mixgreedy as we precisely figure impact spread for every node while Mixgreedy approximates them from Cohens calculation. 3.2BASELINE GPU IMPLEMENTATION In this area, we first depict the graph data structure utilized as a part of this work, and afterward discuss about the baseline implementation of IMGPU in point of interest. 3.2.1 DATA REPRESENTATION To execute IMGPU over the GPU structural planning, the customary nearness lattice representation is not a decent decision particularly for large-scale social networks. The reasons are. First and foremost, it costs memory space which altogether confines the span of informal community that can be taken care of by GPU. Second, the dormancy of information exchange from host to gadget and worldwide memory access is high, corrupting the general execution. Therefore, we utilize the compressed sparse row (CSR) format which is generally utilizedfor scanty framework representation 3.2.2 BASELINE IMPLEMENTATION The graph information is initially exchanged to the global memory of GPU. At that point, we allocate one string for every node to run the impact spread computation kerne. The impact spread processing bit meets expectations iteratively by level. Along these lines, the parallel handling ability of GPU is abused for impact maximization acceleration. 4 GPU-ORIENTED OPTIMIZATION In this area, we analyze figures that influence the execution of benchmark GPU usage and give viable improvements to accomplish better performance. 4.1DATA REORGANIZATION BUTA executes level by level in a bottomup manner. Strings in a twist are in charge of preparing diverse node. Then again, because of the SIMT peculiarity of GPU, strings in a warp execute the same direction at each one clock cycle. Subsequently, if strings in a twist are appointed to process hubs at distinctive levels, uniqueness will happen and affect diverse execution ways, which will essentially degrade the execution. Likewise, amid BUTA execution, strings need to acquire the visit data and the impact spreads of their child nodes. As the degrees of hubs in genuine informal communities principally take after a force law dissemination, there may exist incredible difference between the level of distinctive nodes. Such dissimilarity will seriously lessen the usage of GPU centers and corrupt the execution. To address these issues, we revamp the graph by presorting the graph, with the motivation behind making strings in a warp process nodes that are at the same level and with comparable degree however much as could reasonably be expected. 4.2ADAPTIVE K-LEVEL COMBINATION Baseline IMGPU usage computes impact spreads of node from bottom up by level, and subsequently its parallelism is restricted by the quantity of node at each one level. We can advantage more if there are sufficient node having a place with the same level to be handled, overall the parallel preparing capacity of GPU would be underexploited. For most cases, there is satisfactory parallelism to adventure since this present reality interpersonal organization is normally of vast scale. Notwithstanding, there do exist some specific levels which just contain a little number of node because of the intrinsic graph irregularity of social networks. 4.3MEMORY ACCESS COALESCENCE When we register the impact spread of a node, the string needs to get to the impact spreads of all the youngster node. Accordingly, for node with substantial degree, this will bring about countless gets to which will take long execution time. Such node, however representing a little rate of the whole graph, generously exist in a lot of people genuine social networks. 5 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP In our experiments, we use traces professional networks of distinctive scales and diverse types, like LinkedIn We look at IMGPU and its advancement version IMGPU_O with the two existing eager algorithms and two heuristic algorithms, and Mixgreedy , ESMCE , PMIA, and Arbitrary. In addition, we also execute a CPU- based version of BUTA, alluded to as BUTA_CPU, to assess the execution of BUTA and the impact of parallelization. The itemized description of the information sets whats more algorithms can be found in which is accessible in the on-line supplemental material. 6 CONCLUSION In this paper, we present IMGPU, a novel structure that accelerates influence maximization for professional network in-order to spread the job notification by exploiting GPU. Specifically, we design a bottom up traversal algorithm, BUTA, which significantly reduces the computational unpredictability and contains inalienable parallelism. To adaptively fit BUTA with the GPU building design, we also investigate three viable optimizations. Extensive experiments demonstrate that IMGPU significantly reduces the execution time of the existing sequential influence maximization algorithm while keeping up satisfying influence spread. REFERENCES [1] D. Bader and K. Madduri, â€Å"GTgraph: A Suite of Synthetic GraphGenerators,† http://www.cse.psu.edu/madduri/software/GTgraph/, Nov. 2012. [2] W. Chen, Y. Wang, and S. Yang, â€Å"Efficient Influence Maximizationin Social Networks,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery andData Mining (SIGKDD), pp. 199-208, 2009. [3] W. Chen, C. Wang, and Y. Wang, â€Å"Scalable Influence Maximiza-tion for Prevalent Viral Marketing in Large-Scale Social Net-works,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining(SIGKDD), pp. 1029-1038, 2010. [4] N. Bell and M. Garland, â€Å"Efficient Sparse Matrix-Vector Multi-plication on CUDA,† Technical Report NVR-2008-04, NVIDIA,Dec. 2008. [5] E. Cohen, â€Å"Size-Estimation Framework with Applications toTransitive Closure and Reachability,† J. Computer and SystemSciences, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 441-453, 1997. [6] P. Domingos and M. Richardson, â€Å"Mining the Network Value ofCustomers,† Proc. ACM Int’l Conf. Knowledge Discovery and DataMining (SIGKDD), pp. 57-66, 2001. [7] J. Barnat, P. Bauch, L. Brim, and M. Ceska, â€Å"ComputingStrongly Connected Components in Parallel on CUDA,† Proc.IEEE 25th Int’l Parallel Distributed Processing Symp. (IPDPS), pp.544-555, 2011.

Bureau of Indian Affairs :: American History Native Americans Essays

Bureau of Indian Affairs This is a great day for you and for us. A day of peace and friendship between you and the whites for all time to come. You are about to be paid for your lands, and the GREAT FATHER has sent me today to treaty with you concerning the payment...And the GREAT FATHER wishes you to have homes, pastures for your horses and fishing places. he wishes you to learn to farm and your children to go to a good school; and he now wants me to make a bargain with you, in which you will sell your lands and in return be provided all these things. – Isaac I. Stevens, 1854 The US government’s official role in Indian affairs began as far back as the Continental Congress (1786) when the Indian tribes were still considered independent nations with whom the settlers had to make treaties (Jackson 1). The purposes for these interactions were to buy land and to keep peace between encroaching settlers and natives. Unfortunately, these first transactions reflected the cultural misunderstandings between the two parties that would continue to plague communication until this century (Taylor 5). The Europeans assumed the Indians viewed land in the same way—individuals owning plots of land for agricultural purposes. Most of the eastern tribes were nomadic and moved to meet seasonal needs for hunting. When the Europeans offered to buy land, the natives did not understand that they would thence be barred from the use of that land for migrating and for hunting. Even at these early stages of negotiations, conflicts arose between the two levels of government as to who had jurisdiction. The federal government alone had authority to make treaties with foreign nations, but the states had to deal with the individual tribes. This led to more local intervention by "agents" of the federal government to actually negotiate between states and tribes (Jackson 15). Another role of these agents was, as Henry K nox stated, "to familiarize Indians with the American way of living" (Jackson 20). As the bureaucracy began to develop to meet the needs of the westward expansion, the department’s oversight was given to the Secretary of War. This did not seem to be an intentional statement of purpose but rather a decision of convenience because the Department of the Interior did not exist yet. However, Francis Prucha felt that this may have been because the Indians had been viewed as siding with the British during the Revolutionary War and thus were adversaries(319).

Book Report for On My Honor Essay example -- Book Reports Marion Dane

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marion Bauer certainly followed in the tradition of great novels. On My Honor is set in the hot summer of a small city. It explores the stress we put on ourselves to express blame and feel guilt when blamed. The biggest heartache is when you blame yourself for things that could not be prevented, or were not your fault. That is what Joel did. The setting was the Vermillion. Tony called it Old Man River, which is a nickname for the Mississippi. Bauer described the river as â€Å" the reddish brown water slithering far beneath the bridge.† Bauer also described it as full of sinkholes, current, and whirlpools. It was polluted with chemicals and sewage that were invisible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main characters were Joel and Tony. They were born three weeks apart and had been neighbors and friends all th...

Liability of Vessels for Collisions Caused at Sea: Case Study Essay

In the given case study a dispute will arise between the four parties to determine the liability of each vessel for multiple collisions caused at sea. In summary, the facts are that the Flipper was crossing the Britannia Straits traffic separation scheme but was not making proper use of the crossing points. The Willie, a bulk oil carrier which was adhering to the scheme, spotted the Flipper and foresaw the risk of collision so the captain issued a series of warnings. The Flipper ignored these warnings thinking she had enough time to pass. The Willie, realising she was being ignored made a turn for starboard creating a wash which capsized the Flipper and a nearby yacht. Moments later the Orca, which was insufficiently crewed and had faulty navigation equipment collided with the semi-submerged Flipper. The captain of the Orca refused salvage assistance thinking he could return the ship to the port for repairs himself. However, the vessel sunk before it could reach safety. In this essay I am going to advise all four parties as to their likely liability for the collision and the defences and counter claims available. In doing this I will make reference to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (hereafter referred to as the collision regulations) and the common and statute law regarding causation. By advising the parties according to these legal instruments they can determine their likely liability in court. I will start by establishing which vessels caused the collisions. It should be noted that although it was the misconduct of the crew members that led to the collision, the ship owner will still be held vicariously liable unless he can prove the acts of the crew constituted a ‘frolic of their own’, s... ... from its collision with the Flipper was still the operating cause of the sinking therefore the Flipper and the Willie must also bear some liability. In conclusion it is likely that the courts will apportion liability as such; the Flipper and the Willie will be found 80% and 20% liable respectively. However, if it is proved that the Willie acted on scanty radar information in breach of regulation 7(c) then the likely apportionment will be 50/50 as both vessels would equally be responsible for the collision. This is liability for damage caused to the Flipper, the Willie and the private yacht. The owners of the Orca are likely to take the bulk of responsibility for their own collision as the acts of the other vessels are far too remote for them to assume responsibility, liability is likely to be apportioned at 90% to the Orca and 10% between the Flipper and Willie.

Gothic stories Essay

Gothic is a word used in the twelfth century to denote certain types of architecture connected to the settings used by writers. Gothic fiction initiated as a genre in 1765 with Horace Walpole’s novel â€Å"Castle of Otranto.† The majority of Gothic writers would take drugs which inspired them to put pen to paper and write about numerous Gothic features and produce their story. Normally characters are associated with odd or ritualistic behaviour often involving the supernatural. The Gothic Golden Age occurred between 1765 and 1844. Boundaries and limits are both established and challenged by both writers and characters. Tensions between the scientific and the supernatural are often made apparent. Examples of these Gothic features can be found in The Signalman, The Hand and The Dream Woman. Traditionally Gothic stories are set in castles, churches, darkness or other locations with a sense of evil. Gothic stories are mainly set at night to add an extra illusion of fear. Should a Gothic story be read in a dark room extra fear, tension, anxiety and anticipation would be inflicted upon the reader. This is because when a gothic tale is read in the dark there is a sense of someone or something watching you. Readers’ expectations when reading a Gothic tale are to read about elements of the supernatural, skeletal or ghostly images and pathetic fallacy. In â€Å"The Signalman† Dickens writes â€Å"he was a dark sallow man, with a dark beard and rather heavy eyebrows.† This quotation consists of an example of a ghostly, corpse like image. Dickens is Describing a ghostly figure. â€Å"The Signalman† written by Charles Dickens is a perfect example of a gothic setting. The story has many examples of unusual events. Dickens writes â€Å"so steeped in the glow of an angry sunset.† This quotation informs the reader that the sunset has a violent glow which is unusual for a sunset, the skyline is a deep blood red. â€Å"The Signalman† is set at the Signalman’s hut where the cutting through the tunnel by the hut is unusually deep and gives a sense of foreboding to the reader. The tunnel is made through clammy stone, which became oozier and wetter as you walked to the tunnel and made anybody petrified to enter it. â€Å"The Hand† written by Guy De Maupassant uses great examples of death, a main gothic feature. De Maupassant writes â€Å"I bent down close to the corpse and between his clenched teeth I found one of the fingers from that vanished hand.† This quotation informs the reader that a finger from the missing hand has been found, but in what mysterious circumstances. Also in â€Å"The Hand† the hand itself is described with much detail. The writer states â€Å"The fingers were abnormally long and were attached by enormous tendons to which fragments of skin adhered.† In this quotation the writer is describing the hand in such ghoulish detail the reader has an image of a gruesome hand projected onto their minds which they will find hard to forget. A feature of gothic tradition is the use of dark colours to emphasize the evilness of gothic characters and buildings. In the novel â€Å"The Dream Woman† the writer says â€Å"The flame diminished to a blue point and the room grew dark† The effect of this quotation on the reader is that it adds extra fear and suspense due to the darkness. A main aspect of gothic tradition is elements of the supernatural. In â€Å"The Hand† the writer states â€Å"I thought I saw the hand running like a spider.† This is an example of elements of the supernatural because a hand running like a spider is beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature and not something any human would have seen. In conclusion gothic tradition is a fascinating subject because the use of dark descriptive language is effective in giving the reader a terrifying experience. Short stories are effective because the action is condensed and it all happens in a short space of time. There is less background information; all the descriptive paragraphs are there to give atmosphere, the spooky dark events. Short sentences have greater impact than longer ones, particularly when exclamation marks complete them.

Claudius the Machiavelli Essay

There are many kinds of people in the world. Some people are kind, generous, caring, etc. But there are the kinds of people who are selfish deceiving and very cruel to those around them and only puts themselves before other people, these are characteristics of a Machiavellian character. In the story of Shakespeare, Hamlet, shows a great example of a Machiavellian character Claudius. Claudius is the type of man who is willing to go to the extremes in order to keep high position of power. He doesn’t care for the well being of others and only cares about himself. In Hamlet Claudius faces many threats to his position of power that has brought out his Machiavellian characteristics. Some of which are his willingness to kill and end the lives of other people, being very deceitful and trickery to those around him and manipulates and uses other people without thinking about the negative consequences it might have on the people he is using, all for his high position of power. One of the characteristics that make Claudius a Machiavellian character is his willingness to end other people’s life for his own gain whether it is directly or indirectly. In the beginning of the play the previous king hamlet is bit by a snake and dies, as the people were told. The truth is Claudius, the previous king Hamlet’s brother murdered him married his wife and gained the title of the new king. Claudius admits to his murder in the play in a form of a soliloquy, â€Å"Thanks, my dear lord/ O my offence is rank, smells to heaven./ It hath the primal eldest curse upon it,/ a brother’s murder. Pray can i not./†¦Can serve my turn? ‘ forgive me my foul murder’?/ That cannot be since I am still possessed/ Of those effects for which I did the murder/ May one be pardoned and retain the offence?/†¦ Be soft as sinews of the newborn babe!/ all may be well.† (Shakespeare III. III 38-75). In this scene Claudius admits to the audience through a soliloquy that he had murdered the previous king Hamlet and has gained a lot of things through the murder and he is not sorry for what he has done in order to gain his new title as the king. This shows the Machiavellian side of Claudius because he selfishly made the decision of killing someone just for his own selfish gain. There has been more than one time where Claudius shows his Machiavellian trait of trying to end someone’s life in order to keep his high position and power. In the play Claudius sees Hamlet as a threat to his life and safety. So Claudius arranges an execution for Hamlet in England. â€Å"†¦ And, England, if my love thou holdest aught-/ As my great power thereof may give thee sense/ Since yet thy cicatrice looks raw and red/ After the Danish sword, and thy free awe/ Pays homage to us- thou mayest not coldly set/ Our sovereign process, which imports at full,/ By letters congruing to that effect, / The present death of Hamlet. Do it England,/ For like hectic in my blood he rages/ And thou must cure me. Till i know ‘tis done,/ However my haps, my joys were never begun.† (Shakespeare IV. III 64-74). The previous quote is said by Claudius. Claudius shows his Machiavellian side through this quote, in this quote Claudius shows his true intentions of why he is sending Hamlet to England which is to get him executed. The reason why is because he feels threatened about Hamlet’s existence and is in the way of his plan in keeping his seat as the king of Denmark. Claudius has many more characteristics that label him as a Machiavelli. Besides killing people directly/ indirectly he also deceives and betrays those around him in order to cover up his true intentions. In the play, Hamlet, Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius who was hiding behind the curtain in the queen’s room, thinking it was Claudius. Hamlet finds out it wasn’t polonius and soon people in the palace found out what recently took place and Claudius feeling threatened plans on sending Hamlet to England. Claudius tells Hamlet â€Å"Hamlet, this deed, for thine especial safety,/ which we do tender, as we dear ly grieve/ for thou hast done – must send thee hence/ with fiery quickness. Therefore prepare thyself/ the bark is ready, and the wind at help , thy associates tend, and everything is bent for England.† (Shakespeare IV. III 43-49) in this scene of the play Claudius tells Hamlet he is sending Hamlet to England in order to reflect upon himself and his actions, but his true intention is being hidden which is Hamlet’s execution in England. This proves that Claudius is a Machiavelli because he is very deceitful to and disloyal to Hamlet by lying to Hamlet telling him that he is getting a sometime away from the kingdom in England for his own benefit but is actually being sent off to get executed just so Claudius can keep his position of power and his life. There is more than one time Claudius has shown his Machiavellian traits through trickery, betrayal and lies. One part in the play Claudius says to Laertes: â€Å"To thine own peace. If he be now returned,/ As checking at his voyage, and that he means/ No more to undertake it, I will work him/ To an exploit, now ripe in my device,/ Under the which he shall not choose but fall./ And for his death no wind no wind of blame shall breathe,/ But even his mother shall uncharge the practice/ And call it an accident.† ( Shakespeare IV VII 66-73). During this quote the story has progressed to which Claudius’ first plan to get hamlet killed has failed and Hamlet has come back from England. In these lines Claudius reveals that he is going to trick Hamlet to which will bring hamlet to his certain death to Laertes. Later on in the scene Claudius plans to trick Hamlet to drink a poisoned drink and to sabotage the fight between Laertes and Hamlet by poisoning the tip of Laertes’ blade. These actions that Claudius is making proves that he is a Machiavellian because Claudius is using tricks and deceit in order to get what he wants, which is Hamlet’s death. Other than using deceit, direct and indirect murder Claudius also shows his Machiavellian characteristics through manipulation and tricking other people to do things in order to cover up his true intentions and to keep him out of harms way and he doesn’t think of the negative consequences it might have on other people. Claudius shows a perfect example of this through the use of Laertes in order to kill Hamlet. â€Å"Not that I think you did not love your father/ But that I know love is begun by time,/ And that I see, in passages of proof,/ Time qualifies the spark and fire of it./ There lives within the very flame of love/ A kind of wick or snuff that will abate it./ And nothing is at a like goodness still./ For goodness, growing to a pleurisy,/ Dies in his own too-much. That we would do,/ We should do when we would, for this â€Å"would† changes/ And hath abatements and delays as many/ As there are tongues, are hands, are accidents./ And then this â€Å"should† is like a spendthrift sigh/ That hurts by easing.—But to the quick of th’ ulcer:/ Hamlet comes back. What would you undertake/ To show yourself in deed your father’s son/ More than in words?/ (Shakespeare IV VII 122-138). In this line Claudius tricks Laertes into falling into his hands allowing him to be manipulated. Claudius tricks Laertes to fight Hamlet with a poisoned sword not thinking about the negative consequences it might have. In the end of the play hamlet gets slain by the sword but Laertes ends up dying with his own sword as well. This is proof that Claudius is a Machiavelli because of using his cunning mind in order to trick people into doing his dirty deeds for him. Another point in the play where Claudius uses the art of manipulation for his benefit is when he uses Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England for hamlets execution. â€Å"Follow him at foot.tempt him with speed aboard,/ delay it not. Ill have him hence to night/ away for everything is sealed and done/ that else leans on the affair. Pray you make haste†¦/† (Shakespeare IV. III 60-63) In the previous quote Claudius is ordering Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to follow Hamlet to England not knowing the letter they were carrying for England’ king decided their fate. Claudius thinking that Hamlet might not read the letter for his execution, actually did read it but then rewrote the letter and changed it so that Guildenstern and Rosencrantz will be executed in his place. Throughout the whole play Claudius has constantly used Guildenstern and Rosencrantz as his spies for Hamlet. Hamlet realizing this lost all trust and faith towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern leading them to their downfall. Knowing this Claudius still pursued in using Guildenstern and Rosencrantz for his own benefit without realizing the negative consequences it might have on them. Claudius is a Machiavellian who uses deceit and trickery, murder, and manipulation all for his own benefit. He shows these through the murder of his brother numerous attempts to kill hamlet by using other people and manipulating the people around him to keep his title as the King of Denmark. By doing things that will cause others pain and suffering for your own benefit may help you gain what you want in a short while but for the long run it will bring you to your downfall for no good deed goes unpunished.

Professionalism in Sports

PROFESSIONALISM IN SPORTS August 1890 – The North American Review It is hardly necessary at the present day to enter a plea for athletic exercise and manly outdoor sports. During the last twenty-five years there has been a wonderful growth of interest in and appreciation of healthy muscular amusements; and this growth can best be promoted by stimulating, within proper bounds, the spirit of rivalry on which all our games are based. The effect upon the physique of the sedentary classes, especially in the towns and cities, has already been very marked.We are much less liable than we were to reproaches on the score of our national ill health, of the bad constitutions of our men, and of the fragility and early decay of our women. There are still plenty of people who look down on, as of little moment, the proper development of the body; but the men of good sense sympathize as little with these as they do with the even more noxious extremists who regard physical development as an end instead of a means.As a nation we have many tremendous problems to work out, and we need to bring every ounce of vital power possible to their solution. No people has ever yet done great and lasting work if its physical type was infirm and weak. Goodness and strength must go hand in hand if the Republic is to be preserved. The good man who is ready and able to strike a blow for the right, and to put down evil with the strong arm, is the citizen who deserves our most hearty respect.There is a certain tendency in the civilization of our time to underestimate or overlook the need of the virile, masterful qualities of the heart and mind which have built up and alone can maintain and defend this very civilization, and which generally go hand in hand with good health and the capacity to get the utmost possible use out of the body. There is no better way of counteracting this tendency than by encouraging bodily exercise, and especially the sports which develop such qualities as courage, r esolution, and endurance.The best of all sports for this purpose are those which follow the Macedonian rather than the Greek model: big-game hunting, mountaineering, the chase with horse and hound, all wilderness life with all its keen, hardy pleasures. The hunter and mountaineer lead healthier lives in time of need they would make better soldiers than the trained athlete. Nor need these pleasures be confined to the rich. The trouble with our men of small means is quite as often that they do not know how to enjoy pleasures lying at their doors as that they cannot afford them.From New York to Minneapolis, from Boston to San Francisco, there is no large city from which it is impossible to reach a tract of perfectly wild, wooded or mountainous land within forty-eight hours; and any two young men who can get a months holiday in August or September cannot use it to better advantage than by tramping on foot, pack on back, over such a tract. Let them go alone; a season or two will teach th em much woodcraft, and will enormously increase their stock of health, hardihood, and self-reliance.If one carries a light rifle or fowling-piece, and the other a fishing rod, they will soon learn to help fill out their own bill of fare. Of course they must expect to find the life pretty hard, and filled with disappointments at first; but the cost will be very trifling, and if they have courage, their reward is sure to come. However, most of our people, whether from lack of means, time, or inclination, do not take to feats of this kind, and must get their fun and exercise in athletics proper.The years of late boyhood and early manhood say from twelve or fourteen to twenty-eight or thirty, and often until much later are those in which athletic sports prove not only most attractive, but also most beneficial to the individual and the race. In college and in most of the schools which are preparatory for college rowing, foot-ball, base-ball, running, jumping, sparring, and the like have assumed a constantly increasing prominence. Nor is this in any way a matter for regret.Of course any good is accompanied by some evil; and a small number of college boys, who would probably turn out badly anyhow, neglect everything for their sports, and so become of little use to themselves or any one else. But as a whole college life has been greatly the gainer by the change. Only a small proportion of college boys are going to become real students and do original work in literature, science, or art; and these are certain to study their best in any event.The others are going into business or law or some kindred occupation; and these, of course, can study but little that will be directly of use to them in after-life. The college education of such men should be largely devoted to making them good citizens, and able to hold their own in the world; and character is far more important than intellect in making a man a good citizen or successful in his calling meaning by character not onl y such qualities as honesty and truthfulness, but courage, perseverance, and self-reliance.Now, athletic sports, if followed properly, and not elevated into a fetish, are admirable for developing character, besides bestowing on the participants an invaluable fund of health and strength. In each of the larger colleges there are from fifty to a hundred men who, on the various class and college crews and ball teams, or in the track and gymnasium games, compete for the different championships; and for every one such man who actually competes there are five or ten who take part in the practice games, train more or less, and get a great deal of benefit from the work.The careful system of measurements which have been taken at Harvard shows a marked improvement in the physique of the men even during the last ten years; and what is more important this shows that this improvement is, if anything, more marked in the case of the average man than in that of the picked champions. The colleges con tain but a small proportion of the men interested in amateur athletics, as can be seen by the immense number of ball clubs, rowing clubs, polo clubs, hunt clubs, bicycle clubs, snow-shoe clubs, lacrosse clubs, and athletic clubs proper which are to be found scattered among our cities and towns.Almost any man of sedentary life who wishes to get exercise enough to keep him in vigorous health can readily do so at one of these clubs; and an increasing proportion of our young men are finding this out and acting accordingly. More than one of our most famous athletes originally took to athletics for his health; and, on the other hand, be it remembered always that the sports which prove most bene- ficial bodily to a man are those which interest and amuse him.If he belongs to a rowing club or baseball nine, the eagerness and excitement of a contest with a rival association spur him on to keep his body in good condition; and, as with the college athletes, there are scores of outsiders, whom t hese championship contests attract, and whose love for athletics is increased thereby, for every individual contestant who directly participates in them. It is needless to say that under the head of manly sports I do not in elude pigeon-shooting; and still less rabbit-coursing, or any other game where the man does nothing but look on.Already this awakening of interest in manly sports, this proper care of the body, have had a good effect upon our young men; but there are, of course, accompanying dangers in any such movement. With very few exceptions the man who makes some athletic pursuit his main business, instead of turning to it as a health-giving pastime, ceases to be a particularly useful citizen. Of course I do not refer to the men who act as trainers and instructors at the different colleges and clubs ; these perform a most useful and honorable function, and among them several could be named who have rendered as high service as any men in the community.But the amateur athlete who thinks of nothing but athletics, and makes it the serious business of his life, becomes a bore, if nothing worse. A young man who has broken a running or jumping record, who has stroked a winning club crew, or played on his college nine or eleven, has a distinct claim to our respect; but if, when middle-aged, he has still done nothing more in the world, he forfeits even this claim which he originally had. It is so in an even more marked degree with the professional athlete.In America the difference between amateurs and professionals is in one way almost the reverse of what it is in England, and accords better with the ways of life of our democratic community. In England the average professional is a man who works for his living, and the average amateur is one who does not; whereas with us the amateur usually is, and always ought to be, a man who, like other American citizens, works hard at some regular calling, it matters not what, so long as it is respectable, while the profess ional is very apt to be a gentleman of more or less elegant leisure, aside from his special pursuit.The mere statement of the difference is enough to show that the amateur, and not the professional, is the desirable citizen, the man who should be encouraged. Our object is to get as many of our people as possible to take part in manly, healthy, vigorous pastimes, which will benefit the whole nation; it is not to produce a limited class of athletes who shall make it the business of their lives to do battle with one another for the popular amusement. Most masterful nations have shown a strong taste for manly sports. In the old days, when we ourselves were still a people of backwoodsmen, at every merrymaking there were sure to be trials f skill and strength, at running, wrestling, and rifleshooting, among the young men. We should encourage by every method the spirit which makes such trials popular; it is a very excellent revival of old-time American ways. But the existence of a caste of gladiators in the midst of a population which does not itself participate in any manly sports is usually, as it was at Rome, a symptom of national decadence. The Romans who, when the stern and simple strength of Rome was departing, flocked to the gladiatorial shows, were influenced only by a ferocious craving for bloody excitement; not by any sympathy with men of stout heart and tough sinew.So it is, to a lesser extent, today. In baseball alone, the professional teams, from a number of causes, have preserved a fairly close connection with non-professional players, and have done good work in popu- larizing a most admirable and characteristic American game ; but even here the outlook is now less favorable, and, aside from this one pastime, professionalism is the curse of many an athletic sport, and the chief obstacle to its healthy development. Professional rowing is under a dark cloud of suspicion because of the crooked practices which have disgraced it. Horse-racing is certainly no t in an ideal condition.A prize-fight is simply brutal and degrading. The people who attend it, and make a hero of the prizefighter, are, excepting boys who go for fun and dont know any better,to a very great extent, men who hover on the border-line of criminality; and those who are not are speedily brutalized, and are never rendered more manly. They form as ignoble a body as do the kindred frequenters of rat-pit and cock-pit. The prizefighter and his fellow professional athletes of the same ilk are, together with their patrons in every rank of life, the very worst foes with whom the cause of general athletic development has to contend – THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

Review of Mario Puzo’s Six Graves to Munich Essay

Mario Puzo’s obsession with the European underworld begins with Munich, before he enthralled us with ‘The Sicilian’. Mario Puzo, writing as Mario Cleri delivers a straightforward revenge story. The plot is not intense or tight. Compiled a year before he gave us ‘The Godfather’, the plot celebrates Michael Rogan, the protagonist. Captain Michael Rogan is transferred to Munich to aid the American Intelligence during the Second World War. He is arrested and tortured by seven Gestapo officers, at the Munich Palace of justice. They murder his pregnant wife, leave him for dead and escape to new identities after the Second World War. Rogan eventually survives, recovers from his horrific injuries and spends the following ten years planning how best to spell revenge. He sets about tracking his Nazi targets, either sides of the Iron Curtain. The plot also explores the themes of love, revenge and lust. Rogan first travels to a sensual night club in the suburbs of Munich to erase his first target. He then escapes to a brothel where he falls for the beautiful Rosalie. Rogan leaves Rosalie at his hide out in Berlin and travels to Spain and Italy to resume his killing spree. And by the time he returns to Munich to eradicate his last target, The German Intelligence and the American Task Force sniff out Rogan’s whereabouts. Rogan, for his serial killing act, makes it to the hit list of the German Intelligence. Six Graves to Munich, was Puzo’s early days a writer. The plot was later adopted by Frederick Forsyth, an English writer for his bestseller ‘The Odessa File’. Puzo’s little known classic has notched itself up there among his other masterpieces.

Law in a Business Context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law in a Business Context - Essay Example This was then followed by the Occupier's Liability Acts 1984, which set out the duty owed by occupiers towards those who enter their land without permission or unlicensed trespassers (Elliott & Quinn 2003, p.157). However, neither or the Acts provided a deification for the tern ‘occupier’, other than that it would be given the same meaning as under common law. An occupier under common law is a person who has some degree of control to exercise a sufficient degree of control to allow or prevent other people from entering, though they dun have to be a physical occupier not the owner of the premises. The Occupiers Liability Act imposes a â€Å"duty to take such care as in all the circumstances of the case is reasonable† upon the occupier of a property. With both Occupiers Liability Act’s in place, the Occupiers Law under the Law of Tort covered  injuries suffered by entrants while on the private  land of the  occupier. The introduction  of the 1995 Act that came into effect on 17th July 1995 radically altered the liability of the occupier in a way that more obligations were placed on the side of the occupier to ensure the safety of land users. â€Å"In the 20 years prior to this enactment, the common law was characterised by the courts’ benevolent attitude to persons who entered land without permission and subsequently suffered injury† (Burke & Corbett 2003, p. 95) In the  Supreme Court  case McNamara v.  Electricity Supply  Board (1975), an infant suffered serious injuries from trespassing onto one of the defendant’s sub-stations. The defendants were found liable for not showing the infant a duty to take reasonable care for his safety even though there was a benevolent attitude before this case towards trespassers. The decision of this case was the basis of  the creation  of the Occupiers  Liability Act  1995. Initially, under the traditional common law system, entrants upon a premises were di vided into four categories; that being contractual entrants, invitees, licensees and trespassers. Under the Occupier’s Liability Act 1995, three new categories were created, that being visitors, recreational users and trespassers. In cases where there is more than one occupier, such as a landlord and a tenant, real estate agent or in the case of shared spaces it is usual for liability to be shared but the liability of each party depends on the circumstances of the loss. An estate agency is considered the Occupier for the purposes of both the â€Å"Occupier’s Liability Act 1957† and â€Å"Occupier’s Liability Act 1984.† According to Canadian author Allen Linden, with regards to liability and the term 'occupier', states that "the status of occupier is not dependent on ownership of the premises, but rather is based on control over the premises. A person who has the immediate supervision and control of the premises and the power to admit and exclude th e entry of others is without doubt an occupier. Thus, a  tenant  in possession is an occupier. However, complete or exclusive control is not necessary. An auctioneer hired to conduct a sale on the vendor's premises may be considered an occupier of those premises. An independent contractor carrying out building or repair work may qualify as an occupier. Moreover, it has become apparent that in many circumstances there may be more than one occupier of premises." Therefore, an estate agent is also deemed to be an occupier because the estate

The author notes that there are three general strategies used by moral Essay

The author notes that there are three general strategies used by moral philosophers who wish to explain the sort of variation in moral codes discussed by Ruth Benedict. Which of - Essay Example One of the most important strategies that are used by moral philosophers is to look at the universal principles that seem to drive the activities of people. This can be done through a systematic analysis of cross-sections of people who would then provide frameworks that are followed on a general basis. This would then be accepted as the norm which would then be accepted as the bedrock of the society’s morality. Another strategy that is used is to provide the basis of morality and ethics in reason and the abilities of the individual to ascertain the suitability of a certain action. This was also to a great extent the result of the thought of Kant and other enlightenment philosophers who held reason to be the greatest defining feature of man and thought of it as being able to solve the greatest problems that mankind has when it comes to moral dilemmas. Another way in which the problem can be dealt with is to understand the relativity of morality when it comes to different communities and people. There are people who believe that there is no possibility of understanding any form of ultimate truths that may enable the laying of a framework that would be able to define acts that are committed in a moral way. This approach is termed as ethical scepticism. This approach made it possible for other approaches that did not argue for a monolithic view of morality, to flourish. Ethical relativism may be considered to be one of these approaches. It favors no particular code of morality over the other and recognizes the importance of the uniqueness of each culture and in some cases, each individual. Extremes of this approach may lead to problematic situations in a society. However, it is better placed than the other approaches that have been referred to in this essay to assess the moral codes of a society that is multicultural and multilingui stic in its