Insider Threat- Employer Rights and Liabilities Research Paper

Insider Threat- Employer Rights and Liabilities - Research Paper Example Employeestheotherhandhavebenefiteditimprovedaccurateandmorereliablesystemscomingplace However, despite these benefits, these employers need to create a warm environment one where the employee does not have to worry every time that is watching them. The latter behavior may greatly impact on the performance of the employee and significantly cripple the talent factor in the organization. A monitoring regime that is effective should motivate the employers to put in place good practices that will better how the institution performs than it is currently. That should also include how employees behave since it will impact on quality of performance by the individual and the team collectively (Ciocchetti, 2011). Excellent ways of doing things are pertinent to use of technology in monitoring and the likeliness of invading the privacy of the employees. In establishing the norms of the institution, employers try to ascertain the necessity of monitoring, suitable control techniques for the organization and how the process of monitoring may be misused by individual employees. Further, it involves management explaining the practices they are using for monitoring through the required notice channels. In addition, it covers the legal factor when there is a failure on the part of management in implementing the policy on monitoring. Some institution cares about the issues at stake a nd takes monitoring of employees seriously. However, some companies do not consider the psyche of their workforce or the factor on invading their privacy. The law has a duty to establish basic standards that will guide organizations, but it is the responsibility of the management in check to enforce the policies on employees morale and monitoring schemes in use. A regime that effectively monitors employees is one that constitutes best practices and gives employers an opportune to implement these practices in the quest for achieving the core purposes of

The future role for rail freight in the uk Essay

The future role for rail freight in the uk - Essay Example Acknowledging this potential to provide the key role towards some of the economic and environmental goals of Britain, the government moved to take appropriate actions through the provision of platform policies that support the sustainability and growth of this sector. Yet, the achievement of the goals of the rail freight will be based on the delivered expectations of the other players of the industry namely those who avail of the services of the rail freight. They will be the indicators to sustain the potentials and push it towards the future role that is expected from the rail freight industry. As other studies and facts support the growth of the entire freight or transport industry, the main focus now are on the different modes that offer the same services. Consequently, the next point of consideration is the selection process of the customers of the freight industry. Naturally, they have to select the best mode to transport their goods with the most convenience and the best and cost efficient method. The needs and expectations of the players that utilise this service will be the important indicator for the growth and development of the particular sector. However, more importantly, it will also predict the future role of the mode of transport in relation to the delivery of the expected results. The purpose of this study then is to understand the future role of the rail freight industry in the United Kingdom through looking into the needs and expectations of the sectors that utilises this industry. As there are other modes of transporting goods, it is essential to understand the choice of rail over road, water and pipeline. Without this insight on the needs of the users and customer of the rail freight, it will be impossible to catch a glimpse of the future performance of rail freight. Further, understanding through

Learning Difficulties Encountered By Efl Students English Language Essay

Learning Difficulties Encountered By Efl Students English Language Essay Recently, listening has gained more and more attention in foreign language learning. In learning a foreign language, it is suggested that the most important step should begin with an effort to listen. (Rubin Thompson, 1994) Listening provides input for learners to make learning occur and listening exercises draw learners attention to new forms in language, such as new vocabulary items. (Rost, 1994) Listening can be regarded as a necessary skill in the diagnosing and preparation of foreign language students and can even be served as a good predictor of language achievement. In consequence, listening comprehension acts as a pivotal role in foreign language learning. (Oxford, 1993) In this essay, three issues are discussed. Issue 1 states listening difficulties in second language acquisition. Underwood (1994), Chiang and Dunkel (1992) and Rubin and Thompson (1994)s viewpoint are discussed. Issue 2 proposes taxonomies of the factors affecting listening difficulties. Boyle (1984), Yagang (1993) and Rubin (1994) s point of view of the factors affecting listening comprehension are referred to. Issue 3 mentions studies in listening difficulties of L2 listeners in foreign countries. Tauroza and Allisons (Rubin, 1994) study is about speech rate. Boyle (1984)s study is factors most frequently mentioned in listening comprehension. Lynch (1997)s study is a case study of a intermediate-level learners progress in listening comprehension. Goh (2000)s study discusses listening comprehension problems. BODY Chapter 1 Listening difficulties in second language acquisition Underwoods (1994) point of view ¼Ã… ¸ Underwood (1994) identified seven potential difficulties in listening comprehension as: (1) lack of control over the speed at which speakers speak, (2) not being able to get things repeated, (3) the listeners limited vocabulary, (4) failure to recognize the signals, (5) problems of interpretation, (6) inability to concentrate, (7) established learning habits. Many language learners believe that the greatest difficulty with listening comprehension is that the listener cannot control how quickly a speaker speaks. (p7) They feel that the utterances disappear before they can sort them out. http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33414/7/95100307.pdf They are so busy working out the meaning of one part of what they hear that they miss the next part. Another difficulty is that listener is not always in a position to get the speaker to repeat an utterance. This is particularly likely to be the case when students are on the edge of conversation outside the classroom. For people listening to a foreign language, an unknown word can be like a suddenly dropped barrier causing them to stop and think about the meaning of the word and thus making them miss the next part of the speech (p 17). And students need to learn to listen for the signals in order to be able to connect the various utterances in the way the speaker intended them to be connected. (p18) Students who are unfamiliar with the context may have considerable difficulty in interpreting the words they hear even if they can understand their surface meaning. (p19). Inability to concentrate can be caused by a number of things, but in listening work it is a major problem, because ev en the shortest break in attention can seriously impair comprehension. (p19) Outside factors may well make concentration difficult, too. An inferior machine or poor recording can make it very hard for the students. As for establishing leaning habits, when the learner can more readily accept the frustrations involved, he will be more prepared to strive for a partial and incomplete understanding of what is being said. (pp16-19) Rubin and Thompsons (1994) point of view Rubin and Thompson list three common problems in learning to listen to a foreign language. The first problem is that the speaker talks too fast. If the listener can not follow the speaker, the listener can let the speaker know that he is not following. He can ask for repetition and slowing down the speed, seeks clarification, rephrase, and repeat. The listener can pay attention to intonation and tone of voice, focus on question words such as who, what and when and assume that the here and now are relevant. That is, the sentence is directly related to the subject they have just been discussing. Assume that what a person says is directly related to something he or she is experiencing at that very minute. The second problem is that the listener is not getting anything out of foreign language TV and movies. If the listener could not understand the foreign language TV and movies, they should try to take control of his listening by predicting what he was likely to hear. For example, use vi sual clues and use his background knowledge. Anticipate information in a segment by relying on your knowledge of what such a segment is likely to contain. Listeners could also use information from the segment itself and determine the genre of the segment. Knowing the genre of a segment will help you determine how best to approach it. For instance, if it is an interview, then concentrate on the questions. If it is a news report, a who, when, where strategy will work best. If it is a drama, look for the story line. Listeners could listen to familiar elements, listen to familiar-sounding words, listen to and jot down repeated words, learn to recognize numbers and learn to recognize proper names. The third problem is that the listener tends to stop listening when he hears an unfamiliar word or phrase. Many learners, particularly in the early stages of language learning, panic and lose their concentration when they hear an unfamiliar segment. As a result, they miss portions of the passag e that might have helped clarify the unfamiliar word or segment. The listener should concentrate on familiar elements and keep listening. Understanding something is better than getting nothing at all. If you continue listening, chances are that you will comprehend at least some parts of the massage. It is possible that the portions you missed were not very important after all. Chiang and Dunkels (1992) point of view Chiang and Dunkel (1992) pointed out that listeners comprehension in English may be thwarted by a number of cognitive and linguistic factors as well as academic and cultural issues, including: (a) inability or lack of opportunity to engage in communicative interaction with the second/foreign language teacher or lecture; (b) inability to detect the main points of the lecture or to grasp the usual goals of particular genres of discourse situation of which the discourse is a part; (c) unfamiliarity with the structure and type of the discourse ; (d) inability to apprehend discourse markers and logical relationships in the English lecture; (e) inability to comprehend lecture speech delivered at faster rates of speed; (f) limited short-term memory for English input; (g) failure to use appropriate cognitive or learning strategies; (h) poor inference abilities in English; (i) limited proficiency in English; (j) lack of prior knowledge about the content of the spoken or written text; and (k) inability to process L2 input devoid of speech modification such as elaborations or redundancies. Of these difficulties confronting L2 learners, Chiang and Dunkel explored the effect of three of them. The first situation was when the listeners had limited listening proficiency in English, the second situation was when they lacked prior knowledge about the topic of the L2 lecture, and the third situation was when they were not supplied with modified speech. The results revealed a significant interaction between prior knowledge and text type. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the factors affecting L2 listening difficulties Boyles (1984) three categories of factors Boyle (1984) began with a survey of the factors most frequently mentioned in the literature on listening comprehension, including three categories of factors. The first category referred to the listener factors, including experience in listening to the target language, general background knowledge of the world, educational background and type of school, knowledge of the target language in its various aspects, memory, powers of analysis and selection and motivation and attitude of the listener to the speaker and to the message. The second categories, the speaker factors, contain language ability of the speaker: native speaker-beginning level non-native speaker. Speakers production: pronunciation, accent, variation, voice affect, too. Speed of delivery and prestige and personality of the speaker count. The third category, factors in the material and medium, comprise difficulty of content and concept, especially if the material is abstract, abstruse, highly specialized or technical, len gthy or poorly organized. Acoustic environment such as noise and interference and amount of support provided by gestures, visuals also have influence on listening comprehension. Yagangs (1993) four aspects of factors http://eca.state.gov/forum/vols/vol31/no1/p16.htm Instead of three categories, Yagang (1993) proposed that the sources of listening difficulties came mainly from the four aspects: the message, the speaker, the listener, and the physical setting. The message factors comprised content and linguistic features. In content which is not well organized, listeners cannot predict what speakers are going to say. And if listening materials are made up of everyday conversation, they may contain a lot of colloquial expressions, such as guy for man. Students who have been exposed mainly to formal or bookish English may not be familiar with these expressions. The speaker factors consists of redundant utterances, such as repetitions, false starts, re-phrasings, self-corrections, elaborations, tautologies, apparently meaningless addition such as I mean or you know and speakers personal factors such as their accents. Learners tend to be used to their teaching accent or to the standard variety of British or American English. They find it hard to und erstand speakers with other accents. The listener factors played a more important role in EFL students listening. For example, foreign language students might be not familiar enough with clichà © and collocations in English to predict a missing word or phrase. For example, they can not be expected to know that rosy often collocates with cheeks. EFL students might be lack of sociocultural, factual, and contextual knowledge of the target language.   (Anderson and Lynch 1988).It can present an obstacle to comprehension because language is used to express its culture. Factors in physical setting included noise, both background noises on the recording and environmental noises, could carry the listeners mind of the content of the listening passage. Listening material on tape or radio lacks visual and aural environmental clues. Not seeing the speakers body language and facial expressions makes it more difficult for the listener to understand the speakers meaning. Unclear sounds resultin g from poor quality equipment can interfere with the listeners comprehension. Rubins (1994) five categories of factors Rubin (1994) classified these listening factors into five categories: text, interlocutor, task, listener and process characteristics. Text characteristics referred to acoustic-temporal variables, acoustic-other variables and morphological and syntactic modifications (including restatements). Acoustic-temporal variables are speech rate, pause phenomena, and hesitation. Acoustic-other variables are level of perception, stress and rhythmic patterning perception and L1 and L2 differences. Variables of morphological and syntactic modifications are redundancy, morphological complexity, word order and discourse markers. Text characteristics referred to text type. Visual support for texts is also an important variable. Interlocutor characteristics referred to variations in the speakers personal characteristics, such as gender, pronunciation, accent, expertness and so on. Listener characteristics are listeners language proficiency level, memory, attention, affect, age, gender, learning disabi lities in L1, and background knowledge as well as aptitude, processing skills, background biases, motivation, and confidence level. Process characteristics referred to how listeners interpret input in terms of what they know or identify what they dont know. Top-down, bottom-up and parallel processing is being examined in L2 contexts. Current views of listening comprehension propose that listeners actively process language input. Two types of processing have been discerned: cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies. Research on listening strategies includes: work on several languages; work contrasting strategy use at several proficiency levels; work with interactive or transactional listening; work with cognitive and metacognitive strategies; work considering the relation of strategy use to text, task, and setting. Chapter 3 Studies in listening difficulties of L2 listeners in foreign countries Tauroza and Allisons ( )studyspeech rate Griffiths suggests that different language have different normal rates and the rates defined in studies using English can not be applied exactly to studies of other languages. Most research quotes a normal speech rate of 165 to 180 words per minutes for native speakers of English. On the other hand, while Foulke reports a threshold (the rate at which comprehension begins to decrease rapidly) level between 250-275 w.p.m., others states that comprehension decreases as a function of mental aptitude and difficulty level. Tauroza and Allison compare normal speed of British speakers for four types of speech. They found that while the mean for radio and interview speech events lies within the range of 160 to 190 w.p.m., the means for conversation and lecture categories are outside this range. The mean rate for conversation in words per minute was 210, while for lectures, 140. They note further that thirty-three percent of their lecture data was slower than 130 w.p.m. and twenty-three percen t of the conversation data was faster than 220 w.p.m. The issue of normal speech rate is one that still needs a great deal more research that takes into account all of the variables mentioned above. (Rubin, 1994) Boyles (1984) study-factors most frequently mentioned in listening In Boyles (1984) study, 30 teachers and 60 students in Hong Kong were asked to list the six factors which they considered the most important in aiding or hampering the effectiveness of listening comprehension. It was interesting to know that the students gave much more importance to vocabulary than teachers did. It was surprising that the students mentioned two factors, memory and concentration, barely mentioned by the teachers. In addition, the students considered that there was a possible relationship between their reading habits and their listening comprehension, which was not mentioned by the teachers. On the other hand, the teacher seemed to specify the linguistic factors more sophisticatedly. The teacher would specify the factors as ability to pick up clues, complex syntactical structures, stress and intonation and interference from Chinese. On the contrary, the students just indicated that the lack of general language ability or the difficulties in English listening comprehens ion. Lynchs (1997) study-a case study of an intermediate-level learners progress Lynch (1997) conducted an ethnographic study of a Japanese student who attended English language courses at the Institute for Applied Language Studies, the only one taking an undergraduate course in economics at the University of Edinburgh. His scores on the listening tests were relatively low in comparison with his reading and grammar scores with the other students in class. A number of possible reasons were found to explain his difficulties in listening comprehension. First, he was the youngest member in his class so that he was unwilling to engage in negotiation with his seniors. Second, he was the only undergraduate student with an economic background in his English class so that he viewed himself as insufficient in some general background knowledge. Third, he joined Course 3 in the EAP program, skipping the basic class, Course 1 and 2. Therefore, he thought he needed more time to get used to negotiate with others in English. Fourth, his lowest listening score disappointed him gr eatly. The perceptions of the subject had made a substantial influence on his English learning. Gohs (2000) study-listening comprehension problems Goh (2000) investigated the comprehension problems of second language listeners in a cognitive perspective. She identified real-time listening difficulties faced by 40 Chinese undergraduates and examined their difficulties within the three-phase model of language comprehension proposed by Anderson. (1995). The data were collected from learners self-reports in their diaries, semi-structure interviews and immediate retrospective verbalizations. The data revealed 10 problems that occurred during the cognitive process phases of perception, parsing, and utilization. She also, made a comprehension between two groups, high ability listeners and low ability listeners. Each group consisted of eight students selected according to their grades in a post-instruction standardized proficiency test, the SLEP test of Educational Testing Service 1991. She found that listeners with highly ability and low ability both had a perception problem with recognizing words they knew. Another problem they both shared was parsing problem that they quickly forgot what they thought they had understood. In addition to these two problems, high ability listeners reported a utilization problem that they were often unable to extract the meaning out of the message even if they had understood all the words. On the other hand, low ability listeners reported another perception problem that they often did not hear the next part of a text because they spent too much time thinking about what they had just heard.

Essay --

Table of Contents I. Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ II. Description of Business†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ III. Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. IV. Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... V. Financials†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Executive Summary: Krystal Melendez The average day care model accepts children from birth to about 12 or 13 years old. Business hours being between 7am to 8 pm, Monday- Friday, maybe Saturday. It is often difficult for parents/guardians to find a child care provider that will allow their child to sleep overnight or after regular business hours on a routine basis. Slumber Care is a 24 hour, year round child care center catering to infant and adolescent age groups. The services offered are ideal for parents/guardians who have rotating shifts, late shifts, are in need of a break, or have an emergency situation. Including those individuals who are facing barriers and obstacles in employment due to the inability of available services offered during their particular job schedule. Slumber Care will generate income by charging tuition f...

Discourse Community

McCarthy relates the classes Dave attended to a foreign country with a language that had to be learned in order to succeed. Dave struggled in his poetry class because he failed to learn the â€Å"foreign† language of the class. In this academic discourse, Dave had to learn to analyze and write essays that will, make [him] say something quite specific about the meaning of a poem (your thesis) and demonstrate how far [he has] progressed In recognizing and dealing with he devices a poet uses to expresses his Insights† (242).Because this was unlike what he had to do in his Freshmen Composition or Biology class, this approach was foreign to him. He was use to summarizing and proving his textual coherence but now he was more focused on new ways of thinking and writing for that class. HIS grades In the poetry class never Improved. The social aspects as well as his coherence Influenced his writing. Dave had a connection to the writing his both of his other classes but not to poe try.He thought that none of the poetry related except for the salary literary devices. He also felt that he was an outsider on the adolescence while his instructor wasn't. He would spend hours writing the essay to fulfill the required Manner and Quality just to have his errors pointed out without any explanation as to why they were wrong. Dave felt that, â€Å"In Poetry, more or less each poem is different, o it's not taught to you.You just have to figure it out from that poem itself and hope Dry. Forsook likes it† (251 This hindered Dive's chance of succeeding in the class. Because he saw that his writing was failing he could've asked to meet with the professor privately to discuss what he was doing wrong. The professor also could've had more guideline lectures and helped the students by pointing out some details in the poem that would've benefited their writing.

Nothing Lasts Forever: Critical Analysis of Ozymandias

Nothing Lasts Forever: A New Critical Analysis of â€Å"Ozymandias. † Throughout the history of man, there has always been a select few who wish for immortality. They build awe-inspiring kingdoms, erect massive statues, all in a vain effort to leave their mark on the world. None of them has been successful, thus far, and Ramesses II is no exception. In the poem â€Å"Ozymandias,† by Percy Bysshe Shelley, a traveler shares his experience at the site of a statue depicting Ramesses II. The statue has fallen into disrepair at the hands of the harsh environment, as well as the eroding process of Time.At first reading, the text presents itself as a poem about the withering away of a once great statue. However, through the use of symbolism, setting, diction, and irony, the poem reveals that while men may strive for immortality, the true â€Å"king of kings† (line 11) is Time. Legs on the human body are necessary for motion and balance, but they also act as an important symbol of Ramesses II’s kingdom. Without these twin apparatuses, the human body is incapable of moving forward. In this respect, the two â€Å"vast and trunkless legs of stone† (line 2) found bodiless in the poem symbolize the overthrow of Ozymandias’s empire by Time.Without legs on which to stand, his kingdom has lost its momentum and has subsequently been devoured by the sand. In addition, the top half of the statue—the head and part of the torso—is laying in the sand â€Å"half sunk† (line 4). As with the legs, the positioning of the head and torso is symbolic. Ozymandias is gazing at the sky, looking up what remains of his decimated kingdom, a â€Å"wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command† (line 5) on his face. To look up to someone else is to acknowledge their position of authority over others.Through the positioning of the statue, Ramesses II is acknowledging that Time has conquered him. His empire has been reduced to dust, clai med by the sands of Time. The poem describes the setting as â€Å"boundless and bare/The lone and level sands stretch far away† (line 13-14), which amplifies Time’s dominance as a theme. What is a desert? To the unknowing reader, it is nothing more than a large sandbox. With the exception of sand and rocks, it’s an empty, dead land. However, when compared to other terrains, such as a forest or ountain range, it is surprisingly uncomplicated. In â€Å"Ozymandias,† the harsh environment and unforgiving terrain is a symbol of brutal honesty. Humans are poorly tolerated in deserts, and should a man decide to build his empire in one, he will be faced with brutal honesty and will be tested. The choice of location is just as crucial to the theme as the location itself. Since the statue is in its original environment, overtaken by the harsh winds and buried in the sand, and not preserved behind a glass case, it argues against Ozymandias’s immortality.Rathe r than be displayed for others to learn and respect his accomplishments, the remains of his kingdom have been left behind, deemed useless and unwanted by the world. Had the traveler viewed the remains of the statue in a museum, Time’s purpose in the poem would have taken on a whole new meaning. Given the state of his later surroundings, Ozymandias’s words â€Å"Look at my works, ye Mighty, and despair† (line 11) are ironic, and the imagery of his former kingdom proves that Time has conquered him. When the traveler recounts his visit to the â€Å"antique land† (line 1), he describes a landscape that is covered in sand.A statue is a symbol of longevity and permanence. Its appearance, if well-maintained, does not wane or deteriorate, forever capturing the beauty and magnificence of the subject for which it was created. Such is the case with Michelangelo’s â€Å"David†, which has only continued to thrive because it is maintained. However, there are no servants remaining to tend to Ramesses II’s statue, no one to remember his legacy. The statue of Ozymandias has broken in half, and the head lays on the ground close by. â€Å"Nothing beside remains† (line 12) the traveler explains, noting â€Å"†¦ the decay/Of that colossal wreck† (lines 12 – 13).Can the King of kings’ legacy continue without proof that it ever truly existed? No, it cannot, which means the words scripted on the pedestal have taken on an entirely different meaning. It is not Ozymandias that the Mighty should fear, but the true King of kings—Time. Time’s empire is in actuality the thing that is â€Å"boundless† (line 13), not the kingdom of Ozymandias, which had a time limit all along. The diction choices in the sonnet are very specific, particularly those describing the statue, and they serve to reflect Ramesses II’s downfall. The raveler describes the statue as being â€Å"on the sand/Half sunk† (line 3-4), which is often interpreted to mean that the statue is buried halfway in the sand. Considering the ironic words engraved on Ozymandias’s statue, the word â€Å"sunk†Ã¢â‚¬â€the past participle of the word â€Å"sink†Ã¢â‚¬â€takes on a different meaning. What is sand, and more importantly, how does it relate to the theme of the poem? When used in conjunction, sand and Time make up an hourglass—the universal symbol of time. The sand surrounding the statue is not merely a mass accumulation of sedimentary rock, but a symbol for the Sands of Time, a term given to the inside of an hourglass.The statue, as well as the kingdom has been devoured by Time. Another few centuries, and the last remnants of Ramesses II’s empire will fall through the hourglass completely. Furthermore, line four continues with â€Å"a shattered visage lies† (line 4). When something is shattered, it is almost impossible to reassemble them. Even a shatte red limb takes months to heal properly, and it is never quite the same from then on. The â€Å"shattered visage† (line 4) spoken of in the poem isn’t just Ramesses II’s statue; it is his legacy that has been broken. The empire that he had created, the one that he was so sure would endure, has collapsed.The hubris of kings is pride and the desire for immortality. Unfortunately, as Shelley’s poem demonstrates, Time is not something that can be manipulated. With his death, Ramesses II’s empire came to a standstill, but Time continued to move and ultimately overthrew the pharaoh. Time is the true King of kings. Through the use of symbolism, setting, diction, and irony, Shelley proves that humans are finite beings and nothing lasts forever. Works Cited Shelley, Percy Bysshe. â€Å"Ozymandias. † Literature: Reading and Writing with Critical Strategies. Ed. Steven Lynn. Pearson-Longman. New York City. 2004. 618 – 619. Print.

Homogenizing The Homosexual Essays - Same-sex Sexuality, Free Essays

Homogenizing The Homosexual Essays - Same-sex Sexuality, Free Essays Homogenizing The Homosexual On a hot June night in 1969 the sexual discourses of theology, law and psychology encountered resistance so strong that millions of lives were changed. In a small gay bar in New York, the regulars, an eclectic mix of drag queens, transexuals, effeminate men and butch women, offered up the most visible resistance ever witnessed to the relentless exercising of public power on their private lives. The three-day street riot, began by Stonewall patrons, spilled onto the front pages and television screens of a nation. The exposure placed the queen, queer and dyke in the living rooms, kitchens and supermarkets of straight America. The resistance of gays to the external and internal subjectification of themselves as sinners, sodomites and psychopaths began. Before this seminal event, gays were known, but their lives operated in the back streets and alleyways of urban life. They were invisible to mainstream North Americans and expected to stay in the shadows where their deviant bodies belonged. The patrons of the Stonewall bar lived at the precipice of gay life. Their adoption of cross dressing was an affront to prevailing sexual norms. Women in suits and men in scarves and chiffon were the most identifiable of deviants and they relished their disobedience. Strutting through urban nights they gleefully thumbed their noses at the heterosexual world. They embraced every stereotype and took the constitution of the gay subject to extremes. The visibility of these men and women made them easy targets for random displays of force by police. Haphazard attacks on gay bars and clubs instilled fear of the unknown. The visible cared little about the repercussions of these raids for they had nothing to lose. For this they were shunned by their gay brethren who viewed them as circus sideshow freaks. These queens, queers and dykes were dangerous. Their openness put average gays at risk. The physical and verbal abuse by police, abandonment by families and lack of social opportunity experience by the most identifiable queers kept most of North Americas gays firmly underground. Under the guises of religion, law and science, power was being exercised to keep gays marginalized and hidden. Most happily acquiesced. With the fear of verbal, physical or social reprisals looming large, they became prisoners of their own making in Michel Foucaults vision of panoptic power. Invisible gays continually surveyed themselves for any outward signs of their sin that would lead to public detection. With only the images and words of repressive discourses to constitute themselves, the invisible queers, internalized disgust and spent their lives under constant self-surveillance. These stifling conditions ignited the need for the relation of power between straights and gays to shift focus. Near domination and the excessive uses of force were producing an entropic situation in need of diversion to a more productive state. Stonewall provided the necessary response. Three nights of fighting, shouting and revelry that confounded police commanded the immediate attention of heterosexuals everywhere. More importantly it garnered the freaks the respect and admiration of the millions of silent women and men across North America. For gays, a movement was being born and a new, more productive power structure was emerging. In the aftermath of Stonewall, many gays felt empowered to go public and change the repressive statutes that governed their lives. Collectively, the truth that they were not deviants to be beaten, souls to be saved or in need of psychiatry materialized. Nothing was wrong with their psychological or spiritual states. Claims of normalcy were becoming self evident through the eyes of the new scientific discourse of biology. No blame was to be laid nor pity bestowed, nature had made them. The prescience of this biological discourse laid the fertile ground for the exercising of Foucaults bio power upon the gay subject. The reduction of fear and militancy generated by the rioters helped to usher in the ascent of bio power. By giving gays the courage, legitimacy and collective will to move out of the shadows, Stonewalls riots gave bio power access to the private lives of gays. If their sexual nature was blameless then remaining cloaked kept them from participating as productive social beings. Out in the open bio power could classify, subjectify, survey and normalize the modern gay. To produce

Globalization - Hybridity and Melange essays

Globalization - Hybridity and Melange essays Sorry - My essay is still a work in progress. It discusses the view of globalization as a process of hybridization, thus leading to Melange. The article used in refrencing is called "Globalization As Hybridization" by J.N Pietrese. Find more details by doing a search on the net To many, globalization is a phenomenon of the 20th and 21st century. However, this phenomenon is not new. Globalization has been evident throughout history, some evidence may be more apparent than others. The prevalence of a global political, economic, and social infrastructure on an international level has been established before the 20th century. However, the intensity and the coverage of globalization have dramatically increased over the period of the late 20th and 21st centuries. An immense amount of attention has been directed towards the different notions and implications of globalization, ranging from the economic sphere (an international economy, and the evidence of the rapid spread of the capitalist market relations), to the social sphere ( global culture) and to the political sphere (international political community, ex. United Nations, and international relations amongst different countries). This paper will discuss the evidence of global hybridization and mlange in t he political economic sphere and especially in the cultural sphere. Globalization is the integration of states through increasing contact, communication and trade to create a holistic, single global system in which the process of change increasingly binds people together in a common fate. Some economists recognize globalization as being in the best interest of all states, while others believe that increasingly liberated trade and global economic interaction is detrimental in various ways. While globalization marks a move towards a more open world-trading regime, it can also be linked to strains on state sovereignty, workers rights, and the environmental...

The Lady with the Pet Dog Study Guide

The Lady with the Pet Dog Study Guide Anton Chekhov’s short story The Lady with the Pet Dog begins in the resort town of Yalta, where a new visitor- a fair-haired young woman of medium height who owns a white Pomeranian- has caught the attention of the vacationers. In particular, this young woman piques the interest of Dmitri Dmitrich Gurov, a well-educated married man who has regularly been unfaithful to his wife. Chekhov wrote The Lady with the Pet Dog in 1899, and theres much about the story to suggest its semi-biographical.  At the time he wrote it, Chekhov was a regular resident of Yalta and was dealing with protracted periods of separation from his own lover, the actress Olga Knipper. As Chekhov wrote to her in October of 1899, I have grown accustomed to you. And I feel so alone without you that I cannot accept the idea that I shall not see you again until spring. Plot Summary of The Lady with the Pet Dog Gurov introduces himself to the woman with the pet dog one evening, while both of them are dining in a public garden. He learns that her she is married to an official in the Russian provinces and that her name is Anna Sergeyevna. The two become friends, and one evening Gurov and Anna walk out to the docks, where they find a festive crowd. The crowd eventually disperses, and Gurov suddenly embraces and kisses Anna. At Gurov’s suggestion, the two of them retire to Anna’s rooms. But the two lovers have very different reactions to their newly-consummated affair: Anna bursts into tears, and Gurov decides that he is bored with her. Nonetheless, Gurov continues the affair until Anna leaves Yalta. Gurov returns to his home in and his job at a city bank. Though he attempts to immerse himself in the life of the city, he is unable to shake off his memories of Anna. He sets out to visit her in her provincial hometown. He encounters Anna and her husband at a local theater, and Gurov approaches her during an intermission. She is disconcerted by Gurov’s surprise appearance and his unabashed displays of passion. She tells him to leave but promises to come see him in Moscow. The two continue their affair for several years, meeting at a hotel in Moscow. However, they’re both troubled by their secretive lives, and by the end of the story, their plight remains unresolved (but they are still together). Background and Context of The Lady with the Pet Dog Like a few of Chekhov’s other masterpieces â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† may have been an effort to imagine how a personality like his would have fared under different, perhaps unfavorable circumstances. It is worth noting that Gurov is a man of art and culture. Chekhov himself began his professional life divided between his work as a traveling doctor and his pursuits in literature. He had more or less forsaken medicine for writing by 1899; Gurov may be his attempt to envision himself in the kind of staid lifestyle he had left behind. Themes in The Lady with the Pet Dog Like many of Chekhov’s stories, â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog†   centers on a protagonist whose personality remains static and staid, even when the conditions around him are sharply altered. The plot bears similarity to several of Chekhov’s plays, including â€Å"Uncle Vanya† and â€Å"Three Sisters,† which focus on characters who are incapable of forsaking their unwanted lifestyles, or of overcoming their personal failings. Despite its romantic subject matter and its focus on a small, private relationship, â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† also levels harsh criticisms at society in general. And it is Gurov who delivers the bulk of these criticisms. Already jaded in romance and repelled by his own wife, Gurov eventually develops bitter feelings for Moscow society.   Life in Anna Sergeyevna’s tiny hometown, however, is not much better.  Society offers only easy and fleeting pleasures in The Lady with the Pet Dog.   In contrast, the romance between Gurov and Anna is more difficult, yet more durable. A cynic at heart, Gurov lives a life based on deception and duplicity. He is aware of his less appealing and less overt traits and is convinced that he has given Anna Sergeyevna a falsely positive impression of his personality. But as â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† progresses, the dynamic of Gurov’s double-life undergoes a change. By the end of the story, it is the life he shows to other people that feels base and burdensome- and his secret life that seems noble and beautiful. Questions about The Lady with the Pet Dog for Study and Discussion Is it fair to draw comparisons between Chekhov and Gurov? Do you think that Chekhov consciously wanted to identify with the main character in this story? Or do the similarities between them ever seem unintentional, accidental, or simply unimportant?Return to the discussion of conversion experiences, and determine the extent of Gurov’s change or conversion. Is Gurov a very different person by the time Chekhov’s story draws to a close, or are there major elements of his personality that remain intact?How are we meant to react to the less pleasant aspects of The Lady with the Pet Dog, such as the dingy provincial scenes and the discussions of Gurov’s double life? What does Chekhov intend for us to feel while reading these passages? References: The Lady with the Pet Dog printed in The Portable Chekhov, edited by Avrahm Yarmolinsky. (Penguin Books, 1977).

Intelligence Agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Intelligence Agencies - Essay Example Means of information gathering may include espionage, communication interception, cryptanalysis, cooperation with other institutions, and evaluation of public sources. The assembly and propagation of this information is known as intelligence analysis. Intelligence has now become big business with legal status and financial support. It is no longer sensible to pretend that it does not exist. By the end of World War II, with the Cold War looming on the horizon and USSR leading the intelligence world, the United States began the process of developing an elaborate peacetime intelligence structure that would extend across a number of government departments of various allied and third world nations. The operations of the U.S. and USSR intelligence community during the Cold War would range from running single agents, to marshaling the talents of thousands to build and deploy elaborate spy satellites. The intelligence agencies of the United States and Soviet Union have been used by government officials since the end of World War Two to guard and advance the global interests of their nation. Even after the end of cold war by the late 1990's, it continues to have a major impact in designing the structure of the various intelligence agencies. ... The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s. But in actual there was never a direct military engagement between the US and the Soviet Union. There was half a century of military buildup as well as political battles for support around the world, including significant involvement of allied and satellite nations in proxy wars. In most of these activities the intelligence agencies played a major part in both political battles (setting up and supporting of puppet government by USSR in Afghan) and proxy wars (Vietnam War). COVERT OPERATIONS A covert operation is a military or political activity carried out in such a way that the parties responsible for the action can be an open secret, but cannot be proved. Covert operations are frequently illegal in the target state and are sometimes in violation of the laws of the enacting country. During the cold war era, both US and USSR undertook a lot of covert operations in order to understand the military and political agenda of one another. The history of Covert Operations goes back far beyond the Cold War, with many operations during the two World wars and even long before then. Despite this long history the hay day of covert operations was during the Cold War where two opposing power blocks faced each other but were unwilling to risk an actual war. They undertook these covert operations especially in third world nations trying to install a government which supports their policies. US undertook a lot of these covert operations mostly in communist influential states. Some of the operations were CIA's help to the Italian Christian Democrats, and the help to the Iranian Shah in 1953 code name

The Biblical Model for Discipleship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Biblical Model for Discipleship - Essay Example Applying Paul’s ministry to this week’s lesson on the â€Å"Biblical Model for Discipleship†, I have realized that obeying God and being a faithful servant of His is simple. It can basically be summed up to – A change of heart, a change of life. According to Michael Mitchell, in his book, â€Å"Leading, Teaching, and Making Disciples†, the Biblical model for discipleship could be achieved in as easy as four steps – Accepting God’s words; Listen and Apply; Study God’s word to gain more understanding; and lastly, Walking in the ways of Good Men (Mitchell, Michael R., Leading, Teaching, and Making Disciples). In studying the book of Philippians, a book written by Paul in his journey to win the people of Philippi to God, we can see Paul’s practical approach in ministering to the Philippians that are as 1 practical as the four steps of discipleship suggested by Michael Mitchell. To get a clearer background of what he did, it i s best to look at the verses of Philippians 4: 1-2 which says, â€Å"Therefore, my brothers and sisters, you whom I love and long for, my joy and crown, stand firm in the Lord in this way, dear friends! 2  I plead with Euodia and I plead with Syntyche to be of the same mind in the Lord.† (Bible Gateway, Philippians 4 NIV). We can see that Paul started his teaching to the Philippians by directing them to having a heart and mind that is in line with God’s will. We all know that our hearts and minds direct us towards certain actions that may or may not be pleasing to God. The danger of sin only happens when we set plans in our lives without consulting God first. Thus, Paul urges the Philippians here to start their walk with God by teaching their hearts and minds to get to know who God really is and what He wants us to do, so obedience would be easier and purposeful, knowing that despite the rocky roads you are sent to take, you know you are on your way to giving God the glory He deserves. This complements the first model of discipleship which is to accept God’s word and having faith to do it. Also, in Philippians 4: 5-7, that says, â€Å"Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! 5  Let your gentleness be evident to all. The Lord is near. 6  Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. 7  And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus†, we can see that Paul encourages the Philippians to listen and apply God’s teachings even when it seems impossible or unreasonable at times, parallel to Mitchell’s second model for discipleship. We all know that in our Christian life, it is easy to hear God’s word and 2 accept them as truth. However, the challenge for us is greatly seen in how well we stick to what we know and actually obey God despite persecutio ns, inconvenience, and doubt. Today, especially when the world presents so much good things that are not necessarily pleasing to God, the only way we can fight temptation is to cling onto God’s word and promises, and rely on His grace to help us withstand it all. To sum up Paul’

Linking Sexual Satisfaction and Exercise Research Paper - 1

Linking Sexual Satisfaction and Exercise - Research Paper Example   The participants consisted of undergraduate students enrolled in health science courses and were 408 in number. It was conducted on a voluntary basis, and anonymity of the participants was ensured. They were to fill a cross-sectional questionnaire of 130-items. The questionnaire was able to collect information concerning demographic variables, perceived fitness, exercise frequency, the perception of sexual desirability, and sexual performance. Data analysis involve the use of SAS programs and chi-square and mainly based on gender. Females were more than the males while ethnically, the Caucasian was the majority. Ninety percent of males who reported their fitness level being above average rated their sexual desirability and sexual performance as above average or more above average. In the case of females, it was indicated that there was no association between exercise frequency, sexual performance, and sexual desirability. Seventy-one percent of females who rated their fitness lev el being much above average had their sexual desirability above average or more above average. Significant gender differences were noted for sexual performance and sexual desirability by exercise frequency and by fitness. From the data that was gathered and analyzed it was found that higher levels of fitness and longer exercise frequency improved the perception of sexual desirability and sexual performance.   The research also demonstrated that constant physical activity provides benefits to one's psychological well-being.  

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Marketing - Essay Example As such, marketing opens a wide vista of opportunities for buyers and sellers where needs are created and later satisfied by the promised product. In the contemporary environment of advancing technology and globalization marketing requires creative input to gain competitive advantage. Wilson and Gilligan, (2003: 4) assert that ‘marketing is increasingly being conceptualized as an organizational philosophy or ‘an approach to doing business’. The changing social structure and technology has significantly influenced the consumer buying behavior that has been empowered with wide source of informed choices through internet and computers. The expectations of consumers from the product and services have been redefined to encompass important issues like environment conservation, socially responsible behavior etc. Hence, marketing has become key element of organizational success. The various imperative of market strategies like brand creation, market segmentation, advertise ments etc are important issues which help to credibility and awareness regarding products and services. Marketing helps to develop committed database of customers whose changing preferences are met through customization of products and services that meet their requirements. (words: 258) Reference Kotler, P., et al. Marketing, 7th ed. Australia: Pearson Education Australia, 2007. Wilson, R. and Gilligan, C.

Contractual issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contractual issues - Essay Example Her employer refused to provide her unemployment benefits arguing that Crowe was dismissed for cause. Consequently, she disqualified from obtaining benefits. Based on the findings of the South Carolina Department of Employment and Workforce, she was not fired for cause. Crowe was entitled to obtain her benefits without disqualification. Based on clause 41–35–120 (2) of the South Carolina Code, an employee is entitled to unemployment benefits that should run between one to six months after being dismissed for cause (South Carolina Legislature, 2014). The case ended with the judge affirming that Crowe was entitled to unemployment benefits because she was not dismissed for cause. The ethical dimensions in this case is that AnMed did not consider Crowe’s claims that taking flu shot could make her go through pain and die from a debilitating infection. Though her actions were sensible, AnMed did not establish an appropriate way of engaging Crowe to understand her problem (American College of Healthcare Executives, 2012). An administrator should first consider the situation that led to the dismissal. After the determination that she was not dismissed for cause, it would be necessary to give her employment

Americans in Poverty Cannot Eat with Integrity Essay

Americans in Poverty Cannot Eat with Integrity - Essay Example Many poor Americans cannot eat food with integrity because they do not like being seen as if they are poor yet they are poor. Even if they wish to eat with integrity, they do not know what to eat that will not affect their health. They want to associate themselves with the food taken by the high and the mighty in the nation (Ikerd). They decline from taking the best food that is free from intoxications brought about by preservation methods, processing and so many other processes food is passed through up to the point of being sold. In the process of transporting the processed food, there are various things done to the food which results in intoxication (Nielsen 31). The methods used to grow food also affect the quality of food hence making it harmful to the human health for instance, if genetically modified organisms were used. There are a lot of wastes from the industrial farming which affects the quality of the food people eat. This affects the conventions of producing integrity fo ods. The quality of food with integrity needs to be produced in consistent with the values of the community, beliefs and principles. This is not possible nowadays because there is a lot of inhumane handling of animal bred for food purposes. There are few people entrusted to handling food growth that is free from chemicals but none is focused to ensure they act upon the needs of the people. Americans shunned the foods with integrity because no fair treatment of food with integrity can be trusted. The people responsible for protesting or become citizen activists become silenced by the emerging giant industries producing such foods (Nielsen 30). The Americans have shown a preference for foods grown in the United States than from other regions. Most of the Americans capitalize on eating organic foods because they do not contain pesticide residues and other effects of farming effects but, it is hard to tell the difference with the GMOs. The genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are known to be harmful to the health or individuals (Ikerd). Whether the Americans are poor or not, they tend to be strict about the food they eat because they do not like contamination of the unhealthy food. They cannot eat food that have been killed humanely because they feel that meat from genetically modified organisms provide a means of maximizing exposure to the growth of antibiotics and hormones that are fed to animals. These antibiotics are given to animals under inhumane conditions and environment which is why they fear the meat even if it is killed in humane procedures (Eating with Integrity). American historical commitments into organic food influence how they consider the organic substances in relation to the inorganic or the genetically modified organism. They are committed to ensuring that the society has a healthy foundation by watching the food they take as well as the drinks (Ikerd). All this is done to build healthy communities and permanence within the society. The organi c movement that is rampant in the country emphasizes of the health more than safety of the food (Ikerd). Because of the fact that people want to watch their health, they advocate for safe eating habits than taking of food with chemicals that can intoxicate their health. There is an international slow food movement which provides tangible evidence of the new global culture of food. The slow food is a worldwide movement that has more than eighty thousand members in one hundred countries.

Contractual issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Contractual issues - Essay Example Her employer refused to provide her unemployment benefits arguing that Crowe was dismissed for cause. Consequently, she disqualified from obtaining benefits. Based on the findings of the South Carolina Department of Employment and Workforce, she was not fired for cause. Crowe was entitled to obtain her benefits without disqualification. Based on clause 41–35–120 (2) of the South Carolina Code, an employee is entitled to unemployment benefits that should run between one to six months after being dismissed for cause (South Carolina Legislature, 2014). The case ended with the judge affirming that Crowe was entitled to unemployment benefits because she was not dismissed for cause. The ethical dimensions in this case is that AnMed did not consider Crowe’s claims that taking flu shot could make her go through pain and die from a debilitating infection. Though her actions were sensible, AnMed did not establish an appropriate way of engaging Crowe to understand her problem (American College of Healthcare Executives, 2012). An administrator should first consider the situation that led to the dismissal. After the determination that she was not dismissed for cause, it would be necessary to give her employment

Epistemology and Skepticism Essay Example for Free

Epistemology and Skepticism Essay * Epistemology and Skepticism: How does The Matrix illustrate the challenge of skepticism about the external world? Explain, discuss, and critically evaluate the hallucination argument for complete epistemological skepticism. Be sure your essay includes a discussion of either Hospers or Crumley IIs criticism of complete epistemological skepticism. Is complete epistemological skepticism a logically coherent theory? Support your answer with a well-reasoned argument free of any major errors of fact, fallacy or logical contradiction. I. Introduction * The matrix questions the nature of reality. * How can we know for certain that the world is how we perceive it and not just a veil over our eyes? * Explain movie- trapped in virtual world believing they are in 21st century * Explanation proposes question, what is real? II. Main Points. * Main Character Morpheus: â€Å"What is ‘real’? How do you define ‘real’? If real is simply what you can feel, smell, taste and see, then ‘real’ is simply electrical signals interpreted by your brain. † * Consequently, â€Å"How can we be sure our brain isn’t being tricked by some simulation to believe things are real, when they aren’t? This is how matrix proposes the challenge of epistemological skepticism. * Hallucination argument: Modus Tollens, question soundness (valid) 1. If we posses knowledge (K) we must be able to rule out the possibility of systematic hallucination (S). K S 2. ~S (the matrix hypothesis. ) (MT 1) 3. ~ K ( MT 1 2) * One arguer against skepticism: John Hospers * Merely verbal * Skeptics take strong sense of the word knowledge, must have proof at all times * Others use weak sense, meaning we only need proof or evidence only when someone is proving otherwise. * Doubt is an empty word. * Basic point: once a test has been done to remove doubt we have a good reason to believe it is true, thus we have knowledge. III. Conclusion * Skeptics believe knowledge is unobtainable, in this case the hallucination argument proves the premises are true through Modus Tollens. Although the argument is sound, it is self-defeating because skeptics believe they know that they don’t really â€Å"know† anything. Moreover, complete epistemological skepticism is not a logically coherent view because the argument being claimed would require the person to have knowledge to conduct such argument.

Effects of Depression on Brain Function

Effects of Depression on Brain Function Depression The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) diagnose children and adolescents with major depression with signs that include loss of interest and sadness for two weeks straight. Psychologists usually will also look for at least five more symptoms on top of the other two symptoms. These include â€Å"changes in sleeping or eating habits (weight and energy), psychomotor agitation or retardation, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, trouble thinking or paying attention, recurrent thoughts of death, or suicidal ideation and attempts† (Bujoreanu, Benhayon, and Szigethy, 2011, p. 548). This paper will focus on comparison of normal brain function and the brain function of an individual with depression, negative effects of daily functioning living with depression, assessments that are used for diagnoses and treatment, and appropriate treatment options and coping mechanism for individuals with depression. Comparison between Normal Brain Function and Depressed Brain Function Neuropsychological research has shown that emotion is controlled by the right cerebrum which means that the â€Å"right-posterior region of the cerebrum is specialized for the perception of emotional information, regardless of valence† (Shenal, Harrison, Demaree, 2003, p. 34). In normal brain functioning, the right cerebrum also controls arousal and attention. Other research has shown that there is a balance of positive and negative emotions between the left and right cerebrum. The left cerebrum processes positive emotions while the right cerebrum processes negative emotions (Shenal et al., 2003). EEG asymmetries have been examined with individuals that have depression and have found there is an increased activation in the right-frontal lobe that is relative to left-hemisphere activation (Shenal et al., 2003). Other studies have shown individuals with depression have different hemisphere activation by increased right-hemisphere activation or decreased left-hemisphere activation. Individuals with depression from left-frontal dysfunction will have problems planning and arranging information. Depression from right-frontal dysfunction may have impaired nonverbal fluency. Negative Effects of Daily Functioning Living with Depression Major depression can have a big effect on children or adolescent’s ability to function on a day to day manner. There are a lot of negative effects to depression that are important to recognize right away for help. Some of the effects of depression include â€Å"change of eating habits, change in sleeping habits (sleeping too much, not sleeping very much), irritability, social withdrawal, trouble paying attention, and feelings of sadness† (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 548). If depression is not treated, this can lead to â€Å"family dysfunction, academic impairment, and psychosocial difficulties† (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 548). There is also the chance that the depression can continue into adulthood if the family is not aware or informed of the symptoms the child is displaying. Assessments that are Used for Diagnoses and Treatment Neuropsychologists are now starting to find new ways to accurately diagnose depression in individuals as well as finding out if depression treatments are actually helping individuals with the disorder. Depression is now being diagnosed by a blood test and neuroimaging (fMRI) is being used to examine neural circuitry in adolescents with depression. The blood test is a new technique to psychiatry that was approved in 2011. This diagnostic tool is one way to find out if an individual has major depressive disorder without the medical professional being biased or not able to get a lot of information from the individual. The diagnostic tool looks at the levels of ethanolamine phosphate in the patient’s blood to give an indication that the patient has the disorder. Studies have shown that people with depression have low levels of ethanolamine phosphate (Verma, Kaur, David, 2012). At this point, the blood test is very expensive or is slow to get the results back to see if an individual has depression. Neuropsychologists as well as health physicians can use this assessment as the first step in determining if the patient has major depressive disorder. Once the blood tests indicate the disorder, the neuropsychologist and health professional can refer the patient to a medical professional that specializes in depression. The blood test can be used to help the medical professionals in making a diagnosis and to find the best treatment for the patient (Verma et al., 2012). The second assessment that is being used by neuropsychologist for depression is neuroimaging (fMRI). One study in particular used an fMRI to compare adolescents with depression and healthy adolescents on â€Å"neural responses to fearful facial expressions† before treatment (Cullen, 2012, p. 348). The study was repeated again after eight weeks with the depressed adolescents on fluxetine (antidepressant). Research showed that adolescents with depression increase the activation in the amygdala looking at fearful faces (Cullen, 2012). After the treatment, there was no difference between adolescents with depression and healthy adolescents. This study has opened new doors to further study other depression treatments. The fMRI was able to show the difference the fluxetine had on the brain to help adolescents with negative effectives that interfere with daily living. The next steps would need to look at what can affect before and after treatment findings. Some of these include â€Å"age at assessment, illness status, treatment history, and type of treatment† (Cullen, 2012, p. 350). When these effects are looked at with more research, this will bring clinical advancements to the neuropsychological field. Appropriate Treatment Options When it comes to appropriate treatment options for children and adolescents with depression, there are two different kinds that have been the most effective. These two different kinds of treatments are psychotherapeutic treatments and psychopharmacological treatments. The psychotherapeutic treatments are therapy treatments to work with children and adolescents to help them function normally in their daily lives. Evidence-based treatments (EBT) are â€Å"interventions or techniques that have produced therapeutic change in controlled trials† (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 549). Common evidence-based treatments used with depressed children and adolescents include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy-adolescent (IPT-A). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been found out to be the most effective psychotherapeutic treatment with children and adolescents with depression. Aaron Beck created cognitive-behavioral therapy and focused on how â€Å"thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are inter-related and individuals can make positive changes in how someone feels by changing what they do or think† (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 549). Children and adolescents work with a therapist to learn new skills and explore different ideas that are discussed during sessions. Interpersonal Therapy-Adolescent (IPT-A) is a treatment that does takes place for a short period of time. The therapy focuses on the clients’ depressive symptoms and the interpersonal context in which they occur (Bujoreanu et al., 2011, p. 550). To help with the depressive symptoms when they occur, the therapist helps the child or adolescent learn problem-solving and communication skills. Psychopharmacological treatments involve the medications that are appropriate for children and adolescents with depression. These include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine-dopamine reupatake inhibitor (NDRI), and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). SSRIs are the most common and first kind of drugs that will be used to treat child and adolescent depression. Fluoxetine and escitalopram are FDA approved for children with depression, but there are also other medications that are not intended for depression that have been successful (Bujoreanu et al., 2011). When picking an SSRI, it is important to look at family history and how the drug affects the child or adolescent. When SSRI’s do not work with the children and adolescents, there are other drugs that can be taken into consideration. Adolescents that have depression with bupropion would use a NDRI to help with the symptoms. Another drug category that can help with depression is SNRIs that include taking duloxetine and venlafaxine that are sedating. When one kind of treatment does not fully treat the patient, combined therapy of medication and therapy are used. Therapy is usually the first step taken in treatment before medication is considered. Alternative Treatments There are a lot of adolescents that are experiencing depression symptoms that are not able to receive the standard treatments. This can be from the adolescent’s family not having insurance or the families insurance does not cover certain treatment options. These alternative treatments that could help these individuals with depression include interpersonal therapy and attachment-based family therapy, the artistically creative approaches, and existential therapy (McGlasson, 2012). The interpersonal therapy focuses on the different relationships that are in the adolescent’s life. If there is not a healthy relationship, this can lead to depression. This therapy focuses on personal issues that cause the different relationships to not be healthy and finds skills the adolescent can work on to improve those relationships. The attachment-based family therapy is where the family, the adolescent, and a trained counselor work together to build a healthy relationship. This also includes skills that that will be learned in sessions that will help in the long run (McGlasson, 2012). The artistically creative approaches include art therapy and music to help adolescents express themselves in a creative way. Art therapy allows the youth to communicate on a deeper level than just talking about the issues with a counselor. This form of therapy might feel less threatening to the adolescent and a way they can control (McGlasson, 2012). Music is something that adolescents are familiar with and feel safe with being used in therapy. Music lowers stress and can help the therapist in understanding different moods that the client is experiencing (McGlasson, 2012, p. 19). Existential therapy has four themes to the treatment. These themes are â€Å"the uniqueness and freedom of the individual, the recognition of suffering as part of the human experience, an emphasis on the here-and-now to discover one’s meaning and identity, and a commitment to discover and develop one’s talent† (McGlasson, 2012, p. 19). The themes all focus on the individual and how he or she is becoming. Therapists would focus on existential concerns that go on in the adolescent’s life and find ways to explore the issues. Coping Mechanism for Individuals with Depression There are healthy and unhealthy coping strategies that children and adolescents do to deal with depression. The healthy and unhealthy coping strategies both involve the same three core categories (emotion-focused coping, problem-focused coping, and avoidant coping). It all depends on what the children and adolescents have picked up from others and what they have learned on their own to determine if it is healthy or unhealthy. Unhealthy coping strategies usually fall under the emotion-focused coping and avoidant coping. Emotion-focused coping is â€Å"any response aimed at reducing or managing the negative feelings that arise in response to the threat or loss† (Hayat, 2013, p. 153). Research has shown that common emotion-focused coping strategies that can develop depression and suicidal ideation more are self blame and emotional support (Horwitz, Hill, King, 2011). Avoidant coping involves a strategy that avoids the depression symptoms and suicidal ideation. Common avoidant coping strategies that are unhealthy and can develop the disorder more are behavioral disengagement and denial (Horwitz et al., 2011). Avoidant coping is usually avoided when learning new strategies that can help with depression. When children and adolescents learn healthy ways to cope with depression, most of the strategies fall under the category problem-focused coping. This category of coping strategies is defined as â€Å"attempting to deal constructively with the stressor or circumstances itself† (Hayat, 2013, p. 153). A medical professional can help the child or adolescent learn active coping strategies, plan different coping strategies that fit with the stressor or circumstance, and use instrumental support (Horwitz et al., 2011). For emotion-focused coping healthy alternatives would learning wishful thinking and seeking emotional support from family and friends that will not make the individual feel worse about themselves. These coping strategies can be learned by a medical professional that can work with the child or adolescent with depression. While there was only a few coping strategies mentioned, other coping strategies might be used depending on the situation of the individual. Preventive Measures for Individuals at Risk of Depression It is important that society is aware of what factors will identify high-risk adolescents for depression. When factors that can lead to depression are understood, steps can be taken to help reduce the risk of the disorder developing. At this point, research has shown that biological, psychological and social risk factors can trigger depression. Newer research has also found that neuroticism (N) (personality trait) is associated with mood disorders that can risk adolescents is developing depression (Kuyken, Watkins, Holden, Cook, 2006). High neuroticism individuals will show more mood changes and will need to respond adaptively (Kuyken et al., 2006). Kuyken’s et al., (2006) study included four different hypotheses to find out what risk factors would determine if adolescents will develop depression. They hypotheses are (1) â€Å"Adolescents at risk for depression (as indicated by high N) will report greater rumination than adolescents at low risk but lower rumination than currently depressed adolescents, (2) among currently depressed adolescents, elevated levels of rumination will be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, (3) the relationship between N and depressive symptoms will be partially mediated by rumination in cross-sectional analyses, with higher rumination associated with more depressive symptoms, and (4) the effect of rumination on depression will be moderated by gender, being greater for female compared to male adolescents† (Kuyken, et al., 2006, p. 42). The results indicated that at risk adolescents for depression have more ruminated than healthy adolescents. At risk adolescents and current depressed adolescents were comparable with high neuroticism personal trait. Adolescents that found out they had depression show rumination was connected to severe depressive symptoms. This study found that rumination and depression symptoms were the same for females and males. Conclusion Depression is a complex disorder that is now fully starting to be understood. Neuropsychologists are able to see what parts of the brain are impaired from the disorder as well as assessments that help to diagnose and treat depression accurately. With this information medical professionals find the best treatment options for the individual and help with coping strategies that are not unhealthy to use. This information has also made it easier to determine if adolescents are at risk of developing the disorder. Determining if adolescents have depression is still new, but with more research, medical professionals will hopefully be able to reduce the amount of youth with the disorder. References Bujoreanu, S., Benhayon, D., Szigethy, E. (2011). Treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Pediatric Annals, 40(11), 548. doi:10.3928/00904481-20111007-05 Cullen, K. R. (2012). Imaging adolescent depression treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(4), 348. Hayat, I. (2013). Stressful life events, depression and coping strategies. Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 1(2), 148. Horwitz, A. G., Hill, R. M., King, C. A. (2011). Specific coping behaviors in relation to adolescent depression and suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence, 34(5), 1077-1085. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.10.004 Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., Cook, W. (2006). Rumination in adolescents at risk for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1), 39-47. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.017 McGlasson, T. D. (2012). Listening clearly: Alternative treatments for adolescent depression. The Prevention Researcher, 19(4), 18. Shenal, B. V., Harrison, D. W., Demaree, H. A. (2003). The neuropsychology of depression: A literature review and preliminary model. Neuropsychology Review, 13(1), 33-42. doi:10.1023/A:1022300622902 Verma, R. K., Kaur, S., David, S. R. (2012). An instant diagnosis for depression by blood test. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR, 6(9), 1612. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2012/4758.2579

My Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Teachers Education Progressivism Essay

My Teaching Philosophy If someone would have asked me one or two years ago what I wanted to do with my life, I would have said, â€Å"I have no clue, but I do know that I will never teach!† I have had that sentiment for as long as I can remember. But this year, I had to decide on a major. I looked at all the possibilities offered to me at Concord College and realized that education was the only one that suited me. I was still not sure if I wanted to pursue a career in education, but it at least gave me some classes to take. Throughout the spring semester I have been able to learn about the teaching profession and observe teachers in action. Add this to the past experiences I have had with teachers and school and I realized that teaching might not be that bad of an idea. To be a teacher is to be a life changer. In today’s society children are not give the best role models outside of home and sometimes even the ones at home are not up to par. Children are bombarded every day with images of violence, sex, drugs, and hatred. In a lot of cases what you see is what you get. Teachers today have a very unique role in the lives of their students. Either they can sit back and watch the children do as they please, or they can do something and help the child get the proper training needed for a successful adult life. True, most teachers are not going to teach a subject in which the students need to make life altering decisions, but a good teacher will help lay the groundwork needed for that child to make such decisions in their future. There is no question to me that teachers are life changers. It happens too often that a teacher has to talk a student out of something terrible. The subject that the teacher will teach ... ...n to better myself in this profession. Even with the PhD. I would still like to teach in public schools because I have a passion for sports and coaching. I plan on coaching at some level in the public school system. If for some reason that does not work, I would love to someday be a professor of history at a college or university. I want to be a teacher to change the lives of children. I want to be a good role model for the students I teach. I hope that the material they get from my teaching will help them in their lives at some point in the future. The most important job in the world besides being a parent is not the president of the United States, or the president of a major cooperation, it is a teacher. Single handedly these people shape the lives of the presidents, lawyers, doctors, etc. If it were not for teachers, there would not be anyone else.

Essay --

Nathan Thomas Mrs. Brush ENG III December 4, 2013 Coca-Cola In 1886, something extraordinary took place in the hands of a curious pharmacist that changed and shaped not only America, but the also rest of the world forever. From this ordinary pharmacist, named Dr. John S. Pemberton, came a distinctly flavored syrup that was tested and retested several times. After taking it to the local pharmacy down the road in Atlanta, Georgia, he sold about nine servings a day (Pendergrast). Little did Dr. Pemberton know that his product would skyrocket to about ten billion gallons a day almost two hundred years later. As soon as Coca Cola began, it spread rapidly making what is considered today to be the greatest refreshment ever known to man ("Coca-Cola History"). When Dr. Pemberton mixed the drink with tonic water, sampled it, and critiqued it until excellent, his bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the product Coca-Cola and created the distinct and classic font still recognizable today. Before dying only two years later, Dr. Pemberton sold the original product to an Atlanta businessman known as Asa Candler. He became one of the greatest men to work with Coca-Cola. Mr. Candler traveled all around the city handing out coupons and advertisements to people to come and try the best new thing. As the new president, Asa Candler distributed Coca-Cola to more and more fountains outside of his city. With the new syrup plants in more cities like Los Angeles, California; Dallas, Texas; and Chicago, Illinois, Mr. Candler was able to spread items with the famous brand name on them across the country ("Coca-Cola History"). At one point, Joseph Biedenharn, an every-day salesman, invented bottled machinery for his soda fountain. Five years af... ...ese four main people that helped tremendously to spread the happiness, Coca-Cola would never have come as far as it has. "Coca-Cola History." World of Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola Company, n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. "History of Coca-Cola." Coca-cola.co.uk. Coca-Cola Great Britain, 2010. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. May, Clifford D. "How Coca-Cola Obtains It's Coca." Nytimes.com. The New York Times, 1 July 1988. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Morse, J. S. B. "Coca-Cola, Communication, and Confusion." ETC.: A Review of General Semantics 66.2 (2009): 162+. General OneFile. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Pendergast, Mark. "Siphoning That Coca-Cola Magic." Management Review 83.1 (1994): 26+. General OneFile. Web. 23 Oct. 2013. Pendergast, Mark. For God, Country and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It. 3rd ed. New York: Basic, 2013. Print.

Lifecycle of a Plastic Product Essay

Our life has been full with the uses of plastic in our daily life, in food and beverages to the appliances surrounding our daily life. Plastic was made from simple chains of molecules that are linked together called as Polymers. Thus, make many types of plastics are named starting with ‘Poly’ such Polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) – More commonly known as rubbish or garbage such as packaging products, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, household appliances, paint, these daily items we use then throw away, and battery. It comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses [2]. Each year, a report on the EPA Advanced Certificate Management Amendment: Facts and Figures 2013, formerly known as Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: Facts and Figures. It contains information on municipal solid waste generation, recycling, and disposal. MSW trace after 30 years, source limit reports (waste prevention) MSW and MSW tipping landfill fees for historical information, generation and demolition Additional information on the information, which has been extended to include outside the scope. The new name emphasizes the importance of sustainable content management (CM). CM refers to the use and recycling of materials in a more productive and durable manner throughout their entire lifecycle. SMM practices to conserve resources reduce waste, slow climate change, the materials we use to reduce their impact on the environment. In 2013, nearly 254 million tons of garbage, recycled and converted to US fertilizer products of 87 million tons, equivalent to 34.3 percent recycling rate was generated. On average, we recycled and 40: 40 pounds per person per day. Even from that, plastic is a very crucial part of our everyday lives, as it been used and basically can be found everywhere. Some examples of usage of plastics are in electronics and surgical instrument as plastic is lightweight, cheap and easy to build. Other than that, plastic is very useful when dealing with durability along with times, it is because plastics don’t easily be damaged by surrounding, unlike iron that can rust over time if in contact with water. Plastic also has a great impact on our today telecommunication, as the world evolves with the technology, a higher demand for internet is needed and fiber optics cable for faster communication with others is needed. The main substances used to produce fiber optic is plastic, in vehicles plastic parts is also one of the major parts needed as it used because it optimizes the power usage and makes them more efficient. The parts that used plastic in a vehicle are including seats, polycarbonate windows and interior panel. Basically, plastic has its own advantages and disadvantages that made it impossible to be ban completely as its usage in every part of daily lives. Even though, it has an important role as one of the vital resources in domestic and also industrial, because of plastics characteristics that are durable, water-resistant, lightweight and cheaper. The usage of plastic needs to supervise and handled appropriately for disposal. Not properly disposing of plastic could lead to plastic pollution due to the basic property of plastic that made it so durable and take thousands of years to decomposed [1]. The overuse of plastic and plastic pollution could give a number of effects on the environment and ecosystem. The effect to the environment is the landfills of plastic wastage due to overuse of plastic because of it cheaper and easier to be obtained. Other than that, an open burning with plastic will release dangerous chemical gasses to the air and could lead to impotence, cancer, asthma and etc. other than that, an authorized disposal of plastics to the sea or river could harm the animals live inside it. From a research, the turtles mostly die because of the plastics that they consume because turtles were mistaken plastics as jellyfish. Besides that, another effect to the animals is the entanglement of plastics to the body of turtles, dolphin and etc. that could affect the animal’s growth. There are several of ways that human can contribute to ensuring a smart usage of plastic to avoid plastic pollution. The easier ways to contribute is by shop friendly when shopping at the market to buy the needs for home, by having oneself shopping bag the usage of plastics can be reduced. Secondly, is to bring your own food container and drink bottle to reduce the usage of plastics from the packaging of your food and plastic bottle that cannot be reusable. Nonetheless, recycling is one of the vital ways that can help in reducing the usage of plastics because by recycling the plastics can be disposed of appropriately.

Health In Society Unequally Distributed Health And Social Care Essay

This essay will concentrate on the inequalities that exist around Cardiovascular Disease, specifically that of Coronary Heart Disease. Harmonizing to the British Heart Foundation ( 2010 ) incidences of decease attributed to Coronary Heart Disease are far more likely to happen within the lower socio-economic category. The British Heart Foundation ( 2010 ) besides report that those populating in the most disadvantaged countries of Wales, have a fifty-percent more opportunity of deceasing from CHD than those populating in the least disadvantaged countries. Furthermore, they claim that persons who undertake manual and unskilled employment have a 10 per centum more opportunity of enduring from Coronary Heart Disease than those employed in managerial places, despite those persons populating in the same country ( ibid ) . First, a brief definition of CHD will be offered in order to help apprehension of how this disease develops, and how unhealthy behaviors can lend to its oncoming. Second, an account of a wellness inequality will be given. Then, assorted studies that have been published in relation to wellness inequalities will be examined in order to offer an account for this inequality. This will include analyzing assorted facets of the lives of persons that are placed in the lower socio-economic category in an effort to explicate behavior that is harmful to wellness. Finally, the function of the Multi Disciplinary squad and the nurse will be discussed, this will include authorities schemes for societal policy, in order to place countries of enterprises to better cases of decease from CHD. CHD is a term used to depict the effects of impaired or absent coronary blood flow to the myocardium, by and large caused by fatty plaques known as atheroma developing within the interior liner of the coronary arterias ( Porth 2004 ) . NHS Choices ( 2009a ) province that cases of CHD are far more likely to happen if an single fumes, is corpulent or has a diet that has a high content of concentrated fat. The National Office of Statistics ( 2008 ) reported that in 2007 there were 2951 deceases under the age of 75 in Wales straight linked with CVD, and that 1662 of these were due to CHD The wellness of the state has shown marked betterment throughout the old ages. Harmonizing to the House of Commons ( 2008 ) the life anticipation in 1948 for work forces was 66.4 old ages and 71.2 old ages for adult females. In 2000 they had risen to 75.6 old ages and 80.3 old ages severally. However, despite these betterments, wellness inequalities still exist amongst specific groups within society ( ibid ) .According to the World Health Organisation ( WHO 2010 ) a wellness inequality constitutes a pronounced difference in the distribution of wellness between changing societal groups. These societal groups can run from societal category, age, gender, ethnicity, disablement, geographics gender or linguistic communication ( ibid ) . Historically, those included in the lower ranks of employment and hence placed in the lower socio-economic category, are far more likely to endure sick wellness and higher morbidity rates than those at the top of the societal graduated table ( WHO 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Black ( 1980 ) poorness has ever been a major factor in high mortality rates amongst the lower socio-economic categories, peculiarly in cases of famishment, infection and respiratory unwellness. However, Black acknowledged that the nexus between poorness and circulatory disease was less straightforward ( ibid ) . In an effort to mensurate the extent of these inequalities, during 1977 the Labour authorities commissioned The Working Group on inequalities chaired by Sir Douglas Black to measure the deductions of wellness and societal policy, and to garner information about differences in wellness position amongst changing societal categories ( Townsend and Davidson 1992 ) . The findings were presented to the Secretary of State of the new Conservative authorities in April 1980 ( ibid ) . Black ( 1980 ) concluded that despite the general betterment in wellness across Britain, marked differences in the wellness between those in societal category I and those in societal category V have remained, and in some cases increased. Black ( 1980 ) suggested that one of the grounds for this could be due to the displacement in occupational position across the UK. He explained that those undertaking traditional semi-skilled or unskilled employment tended to be older than those from the mean work force. However, Townsend and Davidson ( 1990 ) argue that despite the age disparity between societal categories, the likeliness of an single death before the age of retirement in societal category IV is dual that of those in societal category I. Furthermore, they go on to state that mortality is a characteristic of category across the life span and non merely during old age, with persons from the lower categories enduring higher morbidity rates during childhood, adolescence and maturity ( ibid ) . A follow on from the Black Report was commissioned in 1986 by the Health Education Council before its death in 1987, and was updated in 1992 ( Whitehead 1992 ) . The Health Divide published grounds which revealed serious inequalities in wellness had continued throughout the 1980 ‘s and into the 1990 ‘s ( ibid ) . During the 1990 ‘s the work of Sir Douglas Black was acknowledged and built on in a study by Sir Donald Acheson, who was invited by the Secretary of State for Health to place a scope of countries for future policy development in order to cut down wellness inequalities ( DOH 1998 ) . Black ( 1980 ) suggested that the high proportion of incidences of certain diseases, including that of circulative disease in the lower socio-economic categories could be attributed to the complete indulgence of merchandises that are harmful to the organic structure, and non to want and poorness. Black ( 1980 ) specifically highlighted the significance of the ingestion of baccy merchandises in the aetiology of diseases such as circulative disease. He questioned the impression that the usage of baccy merchandises is a strictly voluntary pre-occupation by and large undertaken by the irresponsible and highlighted the fact that the authorities makes huge sums of money out of its production and sale. However, Black besides acknowledged that the usage of baccy merchandises could non be blamed for the cause of sick wellness, but suggested that it should be viewed as a secondary phenomenon caused by underlying characteristics of society. He raised concerns for the hereafter, admiting that although pre-conceptions sing the usage of baccy were altering, this alteration had finally taken topographic point within the higher socio-economic categories, and would go on to make so, doing the wellness spread to turn even wider. Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) found, that as Black had predicted there was a clear societal category gradient in both work forces and adult females sing the ingestion of baccy merchandises. He found that 12 % per centum of professional work forces and 11 % of professional adult females were reported to be tobacco users, compared with 41 % of unskilled work forces and 36 % of unskilled adult females go oning to smoke. Furthermore, those in the higher socio-economic category who professed to smoking consumed fewer coffin nails than their opposite numbers in the lower socio-economic category ( ibid ) . Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) besides found that those in the lower categories had lower surcease rates than tobacco users in the higher categories. Similarly, the category gradient had widened in regard of deceases from CHD ( see appendix 1 ) . Acheson concluded that smoke is a clear component in mortality differences between societal categories, doing deceases from assorted malignant neoplastic diseases, respiratory unwellnesss and CHD ( ibid ) . The Wanless Report ‘Securing Good Health for the Population ‘ was published in 2004, and besides highlighted smoke as a major cause of high mortality rates under the age of 70 in the lower socio-economic category ( Wanless 2004 ) . Wanless called for smoke to be banned in public topographic points, particularly within the workplace, faulting inactive smoke for cases of malignant neoplastic disease ‘s and bosom disease amongst both tobacco users and non tobacco users ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) the wider socio-economic factors of an person ‘s life style should be taken into consideration when explicating wellness inequalities. Marmot ( 2010 ) concurs, saying than unhealthy behaviors entirely, can non be responsible for the serious wellness inequalities that exist in today ‘s society. As a consequence, Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) implemented a socio-economic theoretical account of wellness, which examined an person ‘s exposure to inequalities from before birth and throughout the full life span. Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) acknowledged that an person ‘s age, sex and constitutional position did so impact their wellness, as did their personal wonts such as smoke and hapless diet. However, Acheson argued that wider influences such as friends, household, community, instruction, lodging, work environment and entree to wellness attention besides had a bearing on an person ‘s wellness position ( ibid ) . Therefore, in order to understand the relationship between low socio-economic category and CHD, it is necessary to look into the psychological and societal influences that are experienced by persons within this group. Harmonizing to Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) unemployment rates amongst unskilled workers are four times higher than those from professional groups. Acheson goes on to state that employment is a major constituent in an person ‘s position within society ; it determines their income, societal standing and their ability to take part within society. Furthermore Acheson states that being unemployed can hold damaging effects in both physical and mental wellness, being linked to a sedentary life style and increased ingestion of baccy and intoxicant ( ibid ) . However, the nexus between unemployment and sick wellness is hard to turn out, as it is non clear whether the ground for the unemployment is due to ill wellness that is already present, or whether being unemployed is the cause of the sick wellness ( Schurring et al 2007 ) . Acheson besides suggests that those persons who are in employment tend to be engaged in work that is low paid, insecure and of hapless quality and that offers little, or no chance of publicity ( DOH 1998 ) . Johnson ( 2004 ) argue that those from the lower categories constantly experience high degrees of physiological emphasis, and low degrees of control in the workplace, coupled with low wagess in footings of occupation security, publicity chances, money and regard. However, Stansfield and Marmot ( 2002 ) point out that despite grounds to propose that psychological emphasis at work can be a conducive factor in cases of CHD, it is besides of import non to undervalue the consequence of other nerve-racking constituents of an person ‘s life that are non work related. Persons that are unemployed or have low paid occupations constantly face poorness and adversity. They are more likely to brood in unsuitable lodging, that is frequently moist, overcrowded and in an country that has hapless entree to comfortss ( Acheson DOH 1998 ) . Harmonizing to Siegrist and Marmot ( 2006 ) those from the lower socio-economic category tend to populate in vicinities that experience high degrees of offense, and physical impairment. Skogan ( 1990 ) concurs, saying that persons that reside in these countries have, non themselves, chosen to make so ; hence, they have no existent motive to keep their belongingss or that of their vicinity. This in bend discourages commercial investing in the country, doing it to drop further into want ( ibid ) . Due to miss of fundss these persons are less likely to have any signifier of private conveyance ( DOH 1998 ) . This can hold a direct impact on entree to low-cost food markets, health care, and employment chances. WHO ( 2010 ) suggest that hapless lodging and location non merely do physical wellness jobs but that they are besides a direct cause of emphasis, depression and associated psychological unwellnesss. Harmonizing to Stansfield and Marmot ( 2002 ) nerve-racking life conditions, including those of employment and lodging have marked associations with coffin nail smoke. They go on to province that the prevalence of coffin nail smoke is closely linked with the experience and direction of emphasis. Many people use smoking as a self-medication to assist them get by with the emphasis they experience in their mundane lives ( ibid ) . However, harmonizing to Parrott ( 1999 ) , baccy ingestion is in fact a cause of emphasis, and non the emphasis stand-in that many tobacco users believe it to be. NHS Choices ( 2009b ) agree, saying that tobacco user ‘s may experience a diminution in emphasis degrees once they have smoked a coffin nail, nevertheless this lone occurs because they have satisfied their craving for nicotine. Once the nicotine has worn of the person will one time once more experience stressed ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to Stansfield and Marmot ( 2002 ) both emphasis and baccy ingestion are both clear markers in morbidity rates for CHD, and could take some manner to explicating high cases of this disease within the lower socio-economic category. In an effort to undertake emphasis caused by work, the authorities introduced the ‘Fairness at Work Act ‘ in 1999 ( House of Commons 1999 ) . This measure was introduced in order to guarantee that employees have specific rights at work, including occupation security ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to Acheson ( DOH 1998 ) , employment jurisprudence in the United Kingdom is highly under regulated, compared to that of other industrialized states. Assorted policies sing lodging have been introduced since the Acheson Report, the most recent in Wales being ‘Improving Lifes and Communities ( Welsh Assembly Government 2010 ) . This policy aims to supply Wales with more societal lodging, and to give prospective renters more pick with respects to the countries in which they live. It pledges to better the criterion of lodging offered, to better the visual aspect and feel of communities, and to supply persons shacking in the country entree to services and installations ( ibid ) In a command to undertake happenings of diseases, including that of CHD, the authorities announced a 10 twelvemonth committedness through a white paper, Salvaging Lifes: Our Healthier Nation ( DOH 1999 ) . To run into this committedness the National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease was implemented and included 12 criterions to better wellness and prevent disease ( DOH 2008 ) . These rules are reflected in public wellness policy in Wales through the debut of a policy papers â€Å" Tackling Heart Disease in Wales: Implementing Through Evidence ( Welsh Assembly Government 2001 ) . As portion of the 10 twelvemonth program, they advised that local marks should be implemented in order to forestall, and cut down the ingestion of baccy merchandises. It was advised that the sale of illegal coffin nails and baccy should be closely monitored and reduced, that media coverage and national runs should be encouraged and that smoking surcease services should be implemented at local degree. In peculiar, mention was made to cut downing smoke in those on low incomes, with peculiar attending being made to pregnant adult females and their spouses ( ibid ) . The authorities pledged that by the twelvemonth 2010 deceases attributed to CHD would be reduced in the under seventy-fives by 40 % . This mark was in fact met five old ages early, with deceases rates falling by 44 % ( DOH 2008 ) In order to cut down disease caused by smoke, and to protect non tobacco users from passively inhaling baccy, a smoke prohibition was initiated on 1st July 2007 ( BBC News 2007 ) . This policy prohibits smoking in any public topographic point, including saloons, eating houses and topographic points of work. Since the smoke prohibition, research carried out by the Department of Health claim that cases of Myocardial Infarctions have reduced by 10 per centum ( Times Online 2009 ) . However, curates and anti-smoking groups think the authorities should travel farther, and are naming for smoking to be banned in autos, in order to protect kids from 2nd manus fume ( ibid ) . Despite the smoke prohibition some persons continue to smoke, harmonizing to Nice ( 2008 ) the multi disciplinary squad has a cardinal function to play in encouraging and authorising these persons to give up. Harmonizing to the Royal College of Nursing ( 2004 ) wellness publicity is the duty of every nurse. The NMC Code of Professional Conduct ( 2009 ) concur, saying that nurses are personally accountable for safeguarding and advancing the involvements of all patients and clients, irrespective of age, gender and societal fortunes. Harmonizing to Youdan and Queally ( 2005 ) nurses have a cardinal function to play in encouraging patient ‘s to give up smoke, they are ideally placed, and should enter the smoke position of all in and out patient ‘s, and where appropriate offer advice and smoke surcease options. In 2008, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, acknowledged that smoke is a major contributory factor in the wellness spread that exists between the higher and lower socio-economic categories ( Nice 2008 ) . As a consequence, NICE published its first elaborate counsel on smoking surcease ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to these guidelines all persons that come into contact with a wellness professional should be questioned on their smoke position ( ibid ) . Harmonizing to Thomas ( 2007 ) brief oppugning on the topic of smoke has become the foundation of national smoke surcease policy. Nice ( 2008 ) besides stipulate that wellness professionals should utilize as many avenues as possible to make tobacco users, saying that links between birthrate clinics, ante-natal groups, station natal assignments, tooth doctors, infirmaries and GP surgeries should be made in order to aim as many person ‘s as possible. If an single professes to smoke, the wellness professional should offer suited advice and nicotine replacing therapy ; this should be given in concurrence with continued support and a referral to the local NHS Stop Smoking Service ( Nice 2008 ) . Behavioral guidance should besides be offered where appropriate ; this can take topographic point on a one to one footing or in group Sessionss ( ibid ) . Nice ( 2008 ) acknowledges that an person ‘s societal fortunes can be hard to change in the short term ; nevertheless, they believe that behaviour alteration on an single degree is more accomplishable. Evidence has shown that category is a cardinal determiner of wellness. Those in the lower socio-economic category suffer higher degrees of CHD than those in the higher socio-economic category. It has besides been shown that they consume more tobacco merchandises and are more susceptible to emphasize. As antecedently discussed, emphasis and baccy ingestion are both clear markers in cases of CHD, therefore policy aimed at cut downing the emphasis related facets of these persons lives demands to be addressed. Similarly, the ingestion of baccy by this group besides needs to understood. This fact has been recognised by the authorities, who have introduced societal policies related to employment, lodging and smoke in an effort to cut down mortality rates within the lower categories from diseases such as CHD. Nurses and the multi disciplinary squad besides have a portion to play, peculiarly within the community. 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